< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hardulīkaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *harduz (“hard”) + *-līkaz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈhɑr.ðu.liː.kɑz/
Adjective
*hardulīkaz[1]
- severe
- tenacious
Inflection
Declension of *hardulīkaz (a-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *hardulīkaz | *hardulīkai | *hardulīkō | *hardulīkôz | *hardulīką, *-atō | *hardulīkō |
| accusative | *hardulīkanǭ | *hardulīkanz | *hardulīkǭ | *hardulīkōz | *hardulīką, *-atō | *hardulīkō |
| genitive | *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis | *hardulīkaizǫ̂ | *hardulīkaizōz | *hardulīkaizǫ̂ | *hardulīkas, *hardulīkis | *hardulīkaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *hardulīkammai | *hardulīkaimaz | *hardulīkaizōi | *hardulīkaimaz | *hardulīkammai | *hardulīkaimaz |
| instrumental | *hardulīkanō | *hardulīkaimiz | *hardulīkaizō | *hardulīkaimiz | *hardulīkanō | *hardulīkaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *hardulīkô | *hardulīkaniz | *hardulīkǭ | *hardulīkōniz | *hardulīkô | *hardulīkōnō |
| accusative | *hardulīkanų | *hardulīkanunz | *hardulīkōnų | *hardulīkōnunz | *hardulīkô | *hardulīkōnō |
| genitive | *hardulīkiniz | *hardulīkanǫ̂ | *hardulīkōniz | *hardulīkōnǫ̂ | *hardulīkiniz | *hardulīkanǫ̂ |
| dative | *hardulīkini | *hardulīkammaz | *hardulīkōni | *hardulīkōmaz | *hardulīkini | *hardulīkammaz |
| instrumental | *hardulīkinē | *hardulīkammiz | *hardulīkōnē | *hardulīkōmiz | *hardulīkinē | *hardulīkammiz |
Descendants
- Old English: heardlīċ
- Old High German: hartlīh
- Old Norse: harðligr
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xardu-līkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 162