< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haisaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *haisraz, *hairsaz
Etymology
Unknown[1]; the expected Pre-Germanic form would be *koysos~*ḱoysos; with forms in -r- being from the addition of *-raz (Kroonen, Orel) or conflation with *hairaz (Orel). Kroonen speculatively connects it with Albanian kirrem.[2] Perhaps related to *hwistlōną (“to hiss”).[3]
Adjective
*haisaz
- hoarse
Declension
Declension of *haisaz (a-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *haisaz | *haisai | *haisō | *haisôz | *haisą, *-at(ō) | *haisō |
| accusative | *haisanǭ | *haisanz | *haisǭ | *haisōz | *haisą, *-at(ō) | *haisō |
| genitive | *haisas, *haisis | *haisaizǫ̂ | *haisaizōz | *haisaizǫ̂ | *haisas, *haisis | *haisaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *haisammai | *haisaimaz | *haisaizōi | *haisaimaz | *haisammai | *haisaimaz |
| instrumental | *haisanō | *haisaimiz | *haisaizō | *haisaimiz | *haisanō | *haisaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *haisô | *haisaniz | *haisǭ | *haisōniz | *haisô | *haisōnō |
| accusative | *haisanų | *haisanunz | *haisōnų | *haisōnunz | *haisô | *haisōnō |
| genitive | *haisiniz | *haisanǫ̂ | *haisōniz | *haisōnǫ̂ | *haisiniz | *haisanǫ̂ |
| dative | *haisini | *haisammaz | *haisōni | *haisōmaz | *haisini | *haisammaz |
| instrumental | *haisinē | *haisammiz | *haisōnē | *haisōmiz | *haisinē | *haisammiz |
Derived terms
- *haisį̄
Descendants
- Old English: hās, *hārs
- Middle English: hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse
- English: hoarse
- Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise
- Middle English: hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse
- Old Frisian: *hās
- West Frisian: heas
- Old Dutch: hēs, heis, *hērs
- Middle Dutch: hêes, heis, *hêers
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: hêesc, hêesch, hêersch
- Dutch: hees (conflated with hêes)
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: hêesc, hêesch, hêersch
- Middle Dutch: hêes, heis, *hêers
- Old Saxon: hēs, *heis
- Middle Low German: hēes, heis
- ⇒ Middle Low German: hēsch, heisch
- Low German: heesch
- ⇒ Middle Low German: hēsch, heisch
- Middle Low German: hēes, heis
- Old High German: heis, heisar
- ⇒ Old High German: heisi
- Middle High German: heise
- Middle High German: heis, heiser, heisch, heischer
- German: heiser
- Luxembourgish: hees
- ⇒ Old High German: heisi
- Old Norse: háss, heiss
- Old Danish: hees
- Danish: hæs
- Elfdalian: įes
- Faroese: hásur
- Icelandic: hás
- Jamtish: hás
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hås
- Norwegian Bokmål: hes, hås
- Old Swedish: hes
- Swedish: hes
- Westrobothnian: hås, heis
- Old Danish: hees
References
- Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 353
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hairsa-~*haisra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202
- Friedrich Kluge (1883), “heiser”, in , John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891