< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arjaz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eryos. Cognate with Sanskrit अर्य (arya, “kind, hospitable”), Proto-Celtic *aryos (“free man”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑr.jɑz/
Adjective
*arjaz (comparative *arjōzô, superlative *arjōstaz)
- distinguished, esteemed
Inflection
Declension of *arjaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *arjaz | *arjai | *arjō | *arjôz | *arją, -atō | *arjō |
Accusative | *arjanǭ | *arjanz | *arjǭ | *arjōz | *arją, -atō | *arjō |
Genitive | *arjas, -is | *arjaizǫ̂ | *arjaizōz | *arjaizǫ̂ | *arjas, -is | *arjaizǫ̂ |
Dative | *arjammai | *arjaimaz | *arjaizōi | *arjaimaz | *arjammai | *arjaimaz |
Instrumental | *arjanō | *arjaimiz | *arjaizō | *arjaimiz | *arjanō | *arjaimiz |
Weak declension | ||||||
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *arjô | *arjaniz | *arjǭ | *arjōniz | *arjô | *arjōnō |
Accusative | *arjanų | *arjanunz | *arjōnų | *arjōnunz | *arjô | *arjōnō |
Genitive | *ariniz | *arjanǫ̂ | *arjōniz | *arjōnǫ̂ | *ariniz | *arjanǫ̂ |
Dative | *arini | *arjammaz | *arjōni | *arjōmaz | *arini | *arjammaz |
Instrumental | *arinē | *arjammiz | *arjōnē | *arjōmiz | *arinē | *arjammiz |
Descendants
The positive form is not attested in any of the daughter languages, but might exist in some personal names, such as the first element in Ariovistus.
The superlative is attested in compound, ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arbijarjosteʀ), the meaning and form of which is debated, but generally given as meaning "most distinguished (of heirs)". The nominative plural ending *-ᛖᛉ (*-eʀ) is explained by Boutkan as Proto-Germanic *-ai > Norse *-ē + *-z/R.
- Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (*arjosteʀ) (in ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arbijarjosteʀ))
Further reading
- Elmer H., Antonsen (2002) Runes and Germanic Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs), volume 140, Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, →ISBN
- Dirk Boutkan, (1995), The Germanic 'Auslautgesetze'. A New Interpretation. (Leiden Studies in Indo-European) Amsterdam, Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, page 101