< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).
Verb
*akaną[1]
- to drive, sail, navigate
Inflection
Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *akō | *akaų | — | *akai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *akizi | *akaiz | *ak | *akazai | *akaizau |
| 3rd singular | *akidi | *akai | *akadau | *akadai | *akaidau |
| 1st dual | *akōz | *akaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *akadiz | *akaidiz | *akadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *akamaz | *akaim | — | *akandai | *akaindau |
| 2nd plural | *akid | *akaid | *akid | *akandai | *akaindau |
| 3rd plural | *akandi | *akain | *akandau | *akandai | *akaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ōk | *ōkį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *ōht | *ōkīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ōk | *ōkī | |||
| 1st dual | *ōkū | *ōkīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *ōkudiz | *ōkīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *ōkum | *ōkīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *ōkud | *ōkīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *ōkun | *ōkīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *akandz | *akanaz | |||
Related terms
- *ēkaną
Descendants
- Old Norse: aka
- Icelandic: aka
- Faroese: aka
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Nynorsk: aka, ake
- Norwegian Bokmål: ake, åke
- Dalian: aka
- Elfdalian: åka
- Westrobothnian: aak, ak-
- Old Swedish: aka
- Swedish: åka
- Scanian: aga
- Old Danish: akæ
- Danish: age
- Gutnish: ake
- → Scots: oag, hoag; aik
- → English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”).
Verb
*akaną[2]
- to ache
Inflection
Conjugation of *akaną (strong class 6)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *akō | *akaų | — | *akai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *akizi | *akaiz | *ak | *akazai | *akaizau |
| 3rd singular | *akidi | *akai | *akadau | *akadai | *akaidau |
| 1st dual | *akōz | *akaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *akadiz | *akaidiz | *akadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *akamaz | *akaim | — | *akandai | *akaindau |
| 2nd plural | *akid | *akaid | *akid | *akandai | *akaindau |
| 3rd plural | *akandi | *akain | *akandau | *akandai | *akaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ōk | *ōkį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *ōht | *ōkīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ōk | *ōkī | |||
| 1st dual | *ōkū | *ōkīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *ōkudiz | *ōkīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *ōkum | *ōkīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *ōkud | *ōkīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *ōkun | *ōkīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *akandz | *akanaz | |||
Related terms
- *akiz
- *aklaz
Descendants
- Old English: acan
- Middle English: aken
- English: ache
- Scots: ake
- Middle English: aken
- Old Frisian: *aka
- Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke?
- Old Saxon: *akan
- Middle Low German: aken
- Low German: aken, äken, achen
- Middle Low German: aken
- Old Dutch: *akan
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel[3]
- ⇒ Dutch: akelig
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel[3]
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*akan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*akan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 18