Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/zaʀum

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Alternative forms

*zaʀəm

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɟ͡ʝaʀum/, /ɟ͡ʝarum/

Noun

*zaʀum

needle

Descendants

Malayo-Polynesian: *zaʀum
- Philippine: *zaʀum
  - Bikol Central: dagom
  - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: digum, gadigum
  - Cebuano: dagom, dinagom
  - Hanunoo: dayum
  - Hiligaynon: dagum
  - Ilocano: dagum, dagum-dagum (“stinger”)
    - → Dupaningan Agta: dagum
  - Itawit: dahum
  - Ivatan: rayem, marrayem
  - Kapampangan: karayum
    - → Tagalog: karayom
  - Manobo
    - Binukid: ragum
    - Western Bukidnon Manobo: ragum
  - Mansaka: dagum
  - Maranao: ragom
  - Mongondow: dodagum, modagum (“to sew”), tumondodagum (“to be needle-shaped”)
  - Pangasinan: dagom
  - Sangir: dahung, darahung
  - Tausug: jawm
  - Tboli: dalum, dmalum
  - Tiruray: darum
  - Tontemboan: raum-raum
  - Yami: rayom
- Sama-Bajau
  - Yakan: dalum
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Bima: ndau
  - Manggarai: jarung (borrowing from Makasar?)
  - Oceanic: *saʀum
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Lou: soun pwik
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - Southeast Solomonic
        'Are'are: tarua
        Arosi: taru
        Gela: ihalu
    - Western Oceanic
      - Gitua: sarum
      - Halia: salem
      - Kove: salumu
      - Mussau-Emira: raum
      - Nehan: harum
      - Polynesian:
        Nuclear Polynesian:
        Eastern Polynesian:
        Rennellese: au
        Samoan: au
        Tongan: hau
      - Wampar: so
  - Rembong: zarun
- Malayo-Sumbawan: *jarum
  - Malayo-Chamic: *jarum
    - Balinese: ᬚᬳᬸᬫ᭄
    - Chamic:
      - Eastern Cham: [script needed] (jrum)
      - Jarai: jrum
      - Western Cham: [script needed] (jrum)
    - Malayic: *jarum
      - Iban: jarum
      - Malay: jarum
        Indonesian: jarum
    - Sasak: jarum
  - Northwest Sumatran
    - Batak:
      - Karo Batak: jarum
      - Toba Batak: jarum, manjarum
- Old Javanese:
  - Javanese: dom, ngedom
- Palauan: rasm, merasm
- Rejang: dolom
- South Sulawesi:
  - Makasar: jarung
Paiwan: djaum, djmaum
- → Puyuma: daum
Thao: lhalhum, pashlhalhuman, pulhalhum