polir
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin polīre, present active infinitive of poliō.
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central) IPA(key): /puˈli/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /poˈliɾ/
Verb
polir (first-person singular present poleixo, past participle polit)
- to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
- to refine; remove imperfections
Conjugation
Conjugation of polir (third conjugation with -eix- infix)
| infinitive | polir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | polint | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | polit | polida | |||||
| plural | polits | polides | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | poleixo | poleixes | poleix | polim | poliu | poleixen | |
| imperfect | polia | polies | polia | políem | políeu | polien | |
| future | poliré | poliràs | polirà | polirem | polireu | poliran | |
| preterite | polí | polires | polí | polírem | políreu | poliren | |
| conditional | poliria | poliries | poliria | poliríem | poliríeu | polirien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | poleixi | poleixis | poleixi | polim | poliu | poleixin | |
| imperfect | polís | polissis | polís | políssim | políssiu | polissin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès | |
| — | poleix | poleixi | polim | poliu | poleixin | ||
Derived terms
- màquina de polir
- poliment
- polit
Further reading
- “polir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “polir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “polir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “polir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
French
Etymology
From Latin polīre, present active infinitive of poliō (“I polish”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pɔ.liʁ/
audio (file)
Verb
polir
- to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
- to refine; remove imperfections
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of polir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | polir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | polissant /pɔ.li.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | poli /pɔ.li/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | polis /pɔ.li/ | polis /pɔ.li/ | polit /pɔ.li/ | polissons /pɔ.li.sɔ̃/ | polissez /pɔ.li.se/ | polissent /pɔ.lis/ |
| imperfect | polissais /pɔ.li.sɛ/ | polissais /pɔ.li.sɛ/ | polissait /pɔ.li.sɛ/ | polissions /pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/ | polissiez /pɔ.li.sje/ | polissaient /pɔ.li.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | polis /pɔ.li/ | polis /pɔ.li/ | polit /pɔ.li/ | polîmes /pɔ.lim/ | polîtes /pɔ.lit/ | polirent /pɔ.liʁ/ | |
| future | polirai /pɔ.li.ʁe/ | poliras /pɔ.li.ʁa/ | polira /pɔ.li.ʁa/ | polirons /pɔ.li.ʁɔ̃/ | polirez /pɔ.li.ʁe/ | poliront /pɔ.li.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | polirais /pɔ.li.ʁɛ/ | polirais /pɔ.li.ʁɛ/ | polirait /pɔ.li.ʁɛ/ | polirions /pɔ.li.ʁjɔ̃/ | poliriez /pɔ.li.ʁje/ | poliraient /pɔ.li.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | polisse /pɔ.lis/ | polisses /pɔ.lis/ | polisse /pɔ.lis/ | polissions /pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/ | polissiez /pɔ.li.sje/ | polissent /pɔ.lis/ |
| imperfect2 | polisse /pɔ.lis/ | polisses /pɔ.lis/ | polît /pɔ.li/ | polissions /pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/ | polissiez /pɔ.li.sje/ | polissent /pɔ.lis/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | polis /pɔ.li/ | — | polissons /pɔ.li.sɔ̃/ | polissez /pɔ.li.se/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
- poli
- polissage
Descendants
- → German: polieren
Further reading
- “polir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Portuguese
Etymology
From Latin polīre (“to polish”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /poˈli(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /poˈli(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /puˈliɾ/
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /po.ˈli(ɹ)/
- (Northeastern) IPA(key): /pɔ.ˈli(h)/, /pu.ˈli(h)/
- Hyphenation: po‧lir
Verb
polir (first-person singular present pulo, third-person singular present pule, first-person singular preterite poli, past participle polido)
- to polish; to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
- to refine; remove imperfections
Conjugation
Conjugation of polir (o becomes u when stressed) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | polir | |||||
| Personal | polir | polires | polir | polirmos | polirdes | polirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| polindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | polido | polidos | ||||
| Feminine | polida | polidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | pulo | pules | pule | polimos | polis | pulem |
| Imperfect | polia | polias | polia | políamos | políeis | poliam |
| Preterite | poli | poliste | poliu | polimos | polistes | poliram |
| Pluperfect | polira | poliras | polira | políramos | políreis | poliram |
| Future | polirei | polirás | polirá | poliremos | polireis | polirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| poliria | polirias | poliria | poliríamos | poliríeis | poliriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | pula | pulas | pula | pulamos | pulais | pulam |
| Imperfect | polisse | polisses | polisse | políssemos | polísseis | polissem |
| Future | polir | polires | polir | polirmos | polirdes | polirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | pule | pula | pulamos | poli | pulam | |
| Negative (não) | não pulas | não pula | não pulamos | não pulais | não pulam | |
Further reading
- “polir” in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa.
Spanish
Verb
polir (first-person singular present polo, first-person singular preterite polí, past participle polido)
- Obsolete form of pulir.
Conjugation
Conjugation of polir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | polir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | poliendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | polido | polida | |||||
| plural | polidos | polidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | polo | polestú polísvos | pole | polimos | polís | polen | |
| imperfect | polía | polías | polía | políamos | políais | polían | |
| preterite | polí | poliste | polió | polimos | polisteis | polieron | |
| future | poliré | polirás | polirá | poliremos | poliréis | polirán | |
| conditional | poliría | polirías | poliría | poliríamos | poliríais | polirían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | pola | polastú polásvos2 | pola | polamos | poláis | polan | |
| imperfect (ra) | poliera | polieras | poliera | poliéramos | polierais | polieran | |
| imperfect (se) | poliese | polieses | poliese | poliésemos | polieseis | poliesen | |
| future1 | poliere | polieres | poliere | poliéremos | poliereis | polieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | poletú polívos | pola | polamos | polid | polan | ||
| negative | no polas | no pola | no polamos | no poláis | no polan | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Further reading
- “polir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014