illuminate

English

WOTD – 4 November 2006

Etymology

From Middle English illuminaten, borrowed from Latin illūminātum, supine of illūminō (“lighten, light up, show off”), from in + lūminō (“light up”), from lūmen (“light”). Cognate with Old English lȳman (“to glow, shine”). More at leam.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪˈl(j)umɪneɪt/, /ɪˈl(j)uməneɪt/ (verb)
Audio (US) (file)
(verb)
IPA^(key): /ɪˈl(j)umɪnət/ (noun, adjective)
Audio (AU) (file)

Verb

illuminate (third-person singular simple present illuminates, present participle illuminating, simple past and past participle illuminated)

(transitive) To shine light on something.
- 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, OCLC 1167497017:
  Nero illuminated his gardens with live Christians soaked in tar, and we were now treated to a similar spectacle, probably for the first time since his day, only happily our lamps were not living ones.
- 2006, Michael Grecco, Lighting and the Dramatic Portrait, Amphoto Books, →ISBN, page 40:
  A light that is one foot away from the subject's face will completely illuminate the face, but leave the rest of the body softer and darker.
(transitive) To decorate something with lights.
(transitive, figurative) To clarify or make something understandable.
(transitive) To decorate the page of a manuscript book with ornamental designs.
(transitive, figurative) To make spectacular.
- 2012 June 2, Phil McNulty, “England 1-0 Belgium”, in BBC Sport‎:
  Hodgson's approach may not illuminate proceedings in Poland and Ukraine but early evidence suggests they will be tough to break down.
(intransitive) To glow; to light up.
- 1994, Sylvia Carlson; Verne Carlson, Professional Cameraman's Handbook, →ISBN, page 494:
  Red diode in button illuminates when camera runs at speed set in five-digit speed selector.
- 2011/2012, "Spectrum", written by Florence Welch and Paul Epworth, performed by Florence and the Machine, released on the album Ceremonials (2011):
  Say my name / and every color illuminates. / We are shining / […]
(intransitive) To be exposed to light.
(transitive, military) To direct a radar beam toward.

Synonyms

(shine light on something): belight, enlighten, illumine; See also Thesaurus:illuminate
(decorate something with lights): See also Thesaurus:decorate
(make something understandable): bring home, clarify, elucidate, explicitize, sort out, straighten out
(decorate the page of a manuscript book): illustrate, quill; See also Thesaurus:decorate
(to glow; to light up): gleam, illumine, shine; See also Thesaurus:shine

Derived terms

transilluminate
illuminator

Related terms

luminous
lumens

Translations

to shine light on something

Armenian: լուսավորել (hy) (lusavorel)
Azerbaijani: işıqlandırmaq
Bulgarian: осветявам (bg) (osvetjavam)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 照亮 (zh) (zhàoliàng), 照明 (zh) (zhàomíng)
Czech: osvětlit, osvětlovat
Dutch: belichten (nl)
Esperanto: ilumini
Estonian: valgustama
Finnish: valaista (fi)
French: illuminer (fr)
Galician: iluminar (gl), alumear (gl)
German: beleuchten (de), erhellen (de)
Greek:
Ancient: φωτίζω (phōtízō)
Guaraní: hesape
Hungarian: megvilágít (hu)
Ido: lumizar (io)
Interlingua: illuminar
Italian: illuminare (it)
Japanese: 照らす (ja) (てらす, terasu), 照明する (ja) (しょうめいする, shōmei-suru)
Latin: illuminare
Maori: tūrama
Mirandese: alhumbrar
Norman: illeuminner
Polish: iluminować, oświetlać (pl)
Portuguese: iluminar (pt)
Quechua: achikyay (qu)
Romanian: ilumina (ro), lumina (ro)
Russian: освеща́ть (ru) impf (osveščátʹ), освети́ть (ru) pf (osvetítʹ)
Spanish: iluminar (es)
Tocharian A: luk-
Tocharian B: luk-

to decorate something with lights

Dutch: verlichten (nl), illumineren (nl)
German: illuminieren (de)
Ido: iluminar (io)
Portuguese: iluminar (pt)
Romanian: ilumina (ro)
Russian: подсвети́ть (ru) (podsvetítʹ)

to clarify or make something understandable

Bulgarian: разяснявам (bg) (razjasnjavam)
Dutch: verhelderen (nl)
Finnish: valaista (fi)
Hungarian: megvilágít (hu), megmagyaráz (hu), megértet (hu)
Ido: klarigar (io)
Italian: illuminare (it), chiarire (it)
Portuguese: clarificar (pt), clarear (pt)
Romanian: clarifica (ro)
Russian: разъясня́ть (ru) impf (razʺjasnjátʹ), разъясни́ть (ru) pf (razʺjasnítʹ), просвети́ть (ru) pf (prosvetítʹ)

to decorate the page of a manuscript book with ornamental designs

Bulgarian: украсявам с рисунки (ukrasjavam s risunki)
Dutch: verluchten (nl), verluchtigen (nl)
Galician: iluminar (gl)
Hungarian: ábrákkal díszít
Ido: enluminar (io)
Irish: maisigh
Italian: miniare (it)
Portuguese: iluminar (pt)
Romanian: decora (ro)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Esperanto: ^{(please verify)} lumigi

Noun

illuminate (plural illuminates)

Someone thought to have an unusual degree of enlightenment.

Adjective

illuminate (comparative more illuminate, superlative most illuminate)

(obsolete) enlightened
- February 28 1630, Joseph Hall, The Hypocrite
  do ye see an illuminate elder of the anabaptists rapt in divine ecstasies?

Interlingua

Participle

illuminate

past participle of illuminar

Italian

Adjective

illuminate f pl

feminine plural of illuminato

Verb

illuminate

inflection of illuminare:
1. second-person plural present indicative
2. second-person plural imperative
3. feminine plural past participle

Anagrams

alluminite

Latin

Participle

illūmināte

vocative masculine singular of illūminātus

References

“illuminate”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
illuminate in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette