-illo
See also: illo, illó, and illő
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈil.loː/, [ˈɪlːʲoː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈil.lo/, [ˈilːo]
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-illō (present infinitive -illāre, perfect active -illāvī, supine -illātum); first conjugation
- Forms diminutive verbs from verbs.
- focilō (“I refresh, resuscitate”), less commonly focillō, from the noun focus.
- cantillō (“I hum, warble”), from the verb cantō
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -illō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -illō | -illās | -illat | -illāmus | -illātis | -illant |
| imperfect | -illābam | -illābās | -illābat | -illābāmus | -illābātis | -illābant | |
| future | -illābō | -illābis | -illābit | -illābimus | -illābitis | -illābunt | |
| perfect | -illāvī | -illāvistī | -illāvit | -illāvimus | -illāvistis | -illāvērunt, -illāvēre | |
| pluperfect | -illāveram | -illāverās | -illāverat | -illāverāmus | -illāverātis | -illāverant | |
| future perfect | -illāverō | -illāveris | -illāverit | -illāverimus | -illāveritis | -illāverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -illāssō | -illāssis | -illāssit | -illāssimus | -illāssitis | -illāssint | |
| passive | present | -illor | -illāris, -illāre | -illātur | -illāmur | -illāminī | -illantur |
| imperfect | -illābar | -illābāris, -illābāre | -illābātur | -illābāmur | -illābāminī | -illābantur | |
| future | -illābor | -illāberis, -illābere | -illābitur | -illābimur | -illābiminī | -illābuntur | |
| perfect | -illātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -illātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -illātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -illāssor | -illāsseris | -illāssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -illem | -illēs | -illet | -illēmus | -illētis | -illent |
| imperfect | -illārem | -illārēs | -illāret | -illārēmus | -illārētis | -illārent | |
| perfect | -illāverim | -illāverīs | -illāverit | -illāverīmus | -illāverītis | -illāverint | |
| pluperfect | -illāvissem | -illāvissēs | -illāvisset | -illāvissēmus | -illāvissētis | -illāvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -illāssim | -illāssīs | -illāssīt | -illāssīmus | -illāssītis | -illāssint | |
| passive | present | -iller | -illēris, -illēre | -illētur | -illēmur | -illēminī | -illentur |
| imperfect | -illārer | -illārēris, -illārēre | -illārētur | -illārēmur | -illārēminī | -illārentur | |
| perfect | -illātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -illātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -illā | — | — | -illāte | — |
| future | — | -illātō | -illātō | — | -illātōte | -illantō | |
| passive | present | — | -illāre | — | — | -illāminī | — |
| future | — | -illātor | -illātor | — | — | -illantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -illāre | -illāvisse | -illātūrum esse | -illārī, -illārier2 | -illātum esse | -illātum īrī | |
| participles | -illāns | — | -illātūrus | — | -illātus | -illandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -illandī | -illandō | -illandum | -illandō | -illātum | -illātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
Latin terms suffixed with -illo
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
-illō
- dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -illus
Spanish
Alternative forms
- -illa (with feminine nouns)
Etymology
From Old Spanish -iello, from Latin -ellus, an extension of -lus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (most of Spain and Latin America) /ˈiʝo/ [ˈi.ʝo]
- IPA(key): (rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains) /ˈiʎo/ [ˈi.ʎo]
- IPA(key): (Buenos Aires and environs) /ˈiʃo/ [ˈi.ʃo]
- IPA(key): (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) /ˈiʒo/ [ˈi.ʒo]
- (most of Spain and Latin America) Rhymes: -iʝo
- (rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains) Rhymes: -iʎo
- (Buenos Aires and environs) Rhymes: -iʃo
- (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) Rhymes: -iʒo
- Syllabification: -i‧llo
Suffix
-illo m (plural -illos)
- Added to masculine nouns to denote a diminutive form.
- Synonyms: -ito, -cito, -cillo, -ecillo, -cecillo, -ico, -ín, -lito
- Coordinate term: -illa
Usage notes
- If the noun has a final vowel (usually -o), it is dropped before adding -illo.
- In most cases, -illo is used simply to indicate a small or endeared thing, without changing the basic meaning of the noun; however, in some cases, it is used to effect a greater change in meaning, such as bolsillo (“pocket”), from bolso (“handbag, purse”).
- Different nouns tend to prefer different diminutive suffixes (see synonyms below), though some nouns accept multiple diminutives, and there is often regional or personal variation.
- For masculine nouns ending in -a, there is some alternation between the gender-reflecting diminutive -illo and the ending-reflecting diminutive -illa. When the latter is used, -ill- may be considered an infix.
Derived terms
- -cillo, -ecillo, -cecillo
Spanish terms suffixed with -illo
Further reading
- “-illo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014