< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hreuwan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną.
Verb
*hreuwan[1]
- to cause pain, regret
Inflection
| Class 2 strong | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *hreuwan | |
| 1st sg. past | *hrauw | |
| 3rd pl. past | *hruwun | |
| Past ptcple | *hrowan | |
| Infinitive | *hreuwan | |
| Genitive infin. | *hreuwannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *hreuwannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *hreuwannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *hreuwu | *hrauw |
| 2nd singular | *hriuwiʀi | *hruwī |
| 3rd singular | *hriuwidi | *hrauw |
| 1st plural | *hreuwum | *hruwum |
| 2nd plural | *hriuwid | *hruwud |
| 3rd plural | *hreuwand | *hruwun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *hreuwē | *hruwī |
| 2nd singular | *hreuwēs | *hruwī |
| 3rd singular | *hreuwē | *hruwī |
| 1st plural | *hreuwēm | *hruwīm |
| 2nd plural | *hreuwēþ | *hruwīd |
| 3rd plural | *hreuwēn | *hruwīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *hreuw | |
| Plural | *hriuwid | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *hreuwandī | *hrowan |
Derived terms
- *hriuwisōn
Descendants
- Old English: hrēowan, hrēoƿan
- Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
- English: rue
- Scots: rew
- Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
- Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
- West Frisian: rouwe
- Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
- Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
- Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
- Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
- Old Dutch: *riuwan
- Middle Dutch: rouwen
- Dutch: rouwen
- Limburgish: roewe
- Middle Dutch: rouwen
- Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
- Middle High German: riuwen
- Alemannic German: rüüwe
- German: reuen
- Middle High German: riuwen
References
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 130: “PWGmc *hreuwan”