hefja
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse hefja, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyé-, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”). Cognate with Faroese hevja, Swedish häva, Danish hæve, English heave, Dutch heffen, German heben.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈhɛvja/
- Rhymes: -ɛvja
Verb
hefja (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative hóf, third-person plural past indicative hófu, supine hafið)
- (transitive, with accusative) to lift, to raise
- (transitive, with accusative) to elevate, to exalt, to promote
- (transitive, with accusative) to begin, to start
Conjugation
hefja — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að hefja | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | hafið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | hefjandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég hef | við hefjum | present (nútíð) | ég hefji | við hefjum |
| þú hefur | þið hefjið | þú hefjir | þið hefjið | ||
| hann, hún, það hefur | þeir, þær, þau hefja | hann, hún, það hefji | þeir, þær, þau hefji | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég hóf | við hófum | past (þátíð) | ég hæfi | við hæfum |
| þú hófst | þið hófuð | þú hæfir | þið hæfuð | ||
| hann, hún, það hóf | þeir, þær, þau hófu | hann, hún, það hæfi | þeir, þær, þau hæfu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | hef (þú) | hefjið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hefðu | hefjiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hefjast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að hefjast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | hafist | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | hefjandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég hefst | við hefjumst | present (nútíð) | ég hefjist | við hefjumst |
| þú hefst | þið hefjist | þú hefjist | þið hefjist | ||
| hann, hún, það hefst | þeir, þær, þau hefjast | hann, hún, það hefjist | þeir, þær, þau hefjist | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég hófst | við hófumst | past (þátíð) | ég hæfist | við hæfumst |
| þú hófst | þið hófust | þú hæfist | þið hæfust | ||
| hann, hún, það hófst | þeir, þær, þau hófust | hann, hún, það hæfist | þeir, þær, þau hæfust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | hefst (þú) | hefjist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hefstu | hefjisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | hafinn | hafin | hafið | hafnir | hafnar | hafin | |
| accusative (þolfall) | hafinn | hafna | hafið | hafna | hafnar | hafin | |
| dative (þágufall) | höfnum | hafinni | höfnu | höfnum | höfnum | höfnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | hafins | hafinnar | hafins | hafinna | hafinna | hafinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | hafni | hafna | hafna | höfnu | höfnu | höfnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) | hafna | höfnu | hafna | höfnu | höfnu | höfnu | |
| dative (þágufall) | hafna | höfnu | hafna | höfnu | höfnu | höfnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | hafna | höfnu | hafna | höfnu | höfnu | höfnu | |
Synonyms
- (to lift, to raise): lyfta
- (to begin): byrja
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *habjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”).
Verb
hefja (singular past indicative hóf, plural past indicative hófu, past participle hafiðr or hafinn)
- (transitive) to heave, lift, raise
- (transitive) to exalt, raise in rank
- (transitive) to begin
Conjugation
Conjugation of hefja — active (strong class 6)
| infinitive | hefja | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hefjandi | |
| past participle | hafinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hef | hóf |
| 2nd-person singular | hefr | hóft |
| 3rd-person singular | hefr | hóf |
| 1st-person plural | hefjum | hófum |
| 2nd-person plural | hefið | hófuð |
| 3rd-person plural | hefja | hófu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hefja | hœfa |
| 2nd-person singular | hefir | hœfir |
| 3rd-person singular | hefi | hœfi |
| 1st-person plural | hefim | hœfim |
| 2nd-person plural | hefið | hœfið |
| 3rd-person plural | hefi | hœfi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hef | |
| 1st-person plural | hefjum | |
| 2nd-person plural | hefið | |
Conjugation of hefja — mediopassive (strong class 6)
| infinitive | hefjask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hefjandisk | |
| past participle | hafizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hefjumk | hófumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hefsk | hófzk |
| 3rd-person singular | hefsk | hófsk |
| 1st-person plural | hefjumsk | hófumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hefizk | hófuzk |
| 3rd-person plural | hefjask | hófusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hefjumk | hœfumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hefisk | hœfisk |
| 3rd-person singular | hefisk | hœfisk |
| 1st-person plural | hefimsk | hœfimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hefizk | hœfizk |
| 3rd-person plural | hefisk | hœfisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hefsk | |
| 1st-person plural | hefjumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | hefizk | |
Descendants
- Icelandic: hefja
- Faroese: hevja
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: heve
- Nynorsk: hevja
- Old Swedish: hæfia
- Swedish: häva
- Danish: hæve
References
- hefja in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press