cerēt
Latvian
Etymology
Originally the iterative (durative) form of *cert, from Proto-Baltic *kerti, from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“to cut; to strike”) (whence also cirst “to cut, to chop; to strike, to beat”, q.v.). The semantic evolution went from “to make fire, to burn, to heat” (probably via “to strike (wood, metal, to make) fire;” see ceri “heated stones for sauna, bath,” and also the cognate verb kurt “to make fire”) → “to feel, worry, think fierily, intensely” (probably also influenced by ķert “to catch, to grasp”, another reflex of *ker-) → “to love” (a meaning still attested for cerēt in folklore), and also “to turn one's (full) attention to something” → “to hope (for something).” Note that derived verbs often conserve the older meaning of “turning one's attention (to)”, “thinking:” atcerēties (“to remember”), apcerēt (“to consider, to contemplate”), iecerēt (“to plan, to intend”), sacerēt (“to write, to compose”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [tsɛɾɛ̂ːt]
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Verb
cerēt (tr. or intr., 3rd conj., pres. ceru, ceri, cer, past cerēju)
- to hope (to expect and wish for something to happen)
- cerēt uz laimi ― to hope for happiness
- cerēt labāko ― to hope for the best
- ceram drīz saņemt atbildi ― we hope to receive a reply soon
- visi cerēja, ka laiks būs labs ― all hoped that the weather would be good
- brauciens izdevies labāk, neka cerēts ― the trip was more successful than (had been) hoped
- uz to nav ko cerēt ― about that there is nothing to hope for
- daudz gaidīju, daudz cerēju, bet laime mani vīla ― I waited long, I hoped much, but happiness deceived (= eluded) me
- es biju cerējis pavisam ko citu ― I had hoped for something completely different
- to rely (on someone), to expect (e.g., help, from someone)
- jā, Andra tēvs stipri cerēja uz saviem “bagātiem radiem” ― Yes, Andris' father strongly relied on, hoped for (help from) his “rich family”
Conjugation
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) | Past (pagātne) | Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | ceru | cerēju | cerēšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | ceri | cerēji | cerēsi | ceri |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | cer | cerēja | cerēs | lai cer |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | ceram | cerējām | cerēsim | cerēsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | cerat | cerējāt | cerēsiet, cerēsit | ceriet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | cer | cerēja | cerēs | lai cer |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | cerot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | cerošs | ||
| Past | esot cerējis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | cerēdams | ||
| Future | cerēšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | cerot | ||
| Imperative | lai cerot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | ceram | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | cerējis | |||
| Present | cerētu | Present Passive | cerams | ||
| Past | būtu cerējis | Past Passive | cerēts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jācer | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | cerēt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jācer | Negative Infinitive | necerēt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jācerot | Verbal noun | cerēšana | ||
Derived terms
- atcerēties
- apcerēt
- cerēties
- iecerēt
- sacerēt
- uzcerēt
Related terms
- cerības
References
- Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “cerēt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN