cercler
French
Etymology
cercle + -er, or alternatively from Vulgar Latin *circlāre, from Late Latin circulō, circulāre, from Latin circulor (and therefore a doublet of the borrowed circuler[1]). Compare Italian cerchiare.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛʁ.kle/
Audio (file)
Verb
cercler
- (transitive) to ring, hoop, encircle (with)
Conjugation
Conjugation of cercler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | cercler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | cerclant /sɛʁ.klɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | cerclé /sɛʁ.kle/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | cercle /sɛʁkl/ | cercles /sɛʁkl/ | cercle /sɛʁkl/ | cerclons /sɛʁ.klɔ̃/ | cerclez /sɛʁ.kle/ | cerclent /sɛʁkl/ |
| imperfect | cerclais /sɛʁ.klɛ/ | cerclais /sɛʁ.klɛ/ | cerclait /sɛʁ.klɛ/ | cerclions /sɛʁ.kli.jɔ̃/ | cercliez /sɛʁ.kli.je/ | cerclaient /sɛʁ.klɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | cerclai /sɛʁ.kle/ | cerclas /sɛʁ.kla/ | cercla /sɛʁ.kla/ | cerclâmes /sɛʁ.klam/ | cerclâtes /sɛʁ.klat/ | cerclèrent /sɛʁ.klɛʁ/ | |
| future | cerclerai /sɛʁ.klə.ʁe/ | cercleras /sɛʁ.klə.ʁa/ | cerclera /sɛʁ.klə.ʁa/ | cerclerons /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɔ̃/ | cerclerez /sɛʁ.klə.ʁe/ | cercleront /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | cerclerais /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ | cerclerais /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ | cerclerait /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ | cerclerions /sɛʁ.klə.ʁjɔ̃/ | cercleriez /sɛʁ.klə.ʁje/ | cercleraient /sɛʁ.klə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | cercle /sɛʁkl/ | cercles /sɛʁkl/ | cercle /sɛʁkl/ | cerclions /sɛʁ.kli.jɔ̃/ | cercliez /sɛʁ.kli.je/ | cerclent /sɛʁkl/ |
| imperfect2 | cerclasse /sɛʁ.klas/ | cerclasses /sɛʁ.klas/ | cerclât /sɛʁ.kla/ | cerclassions /sɛʁ.kla.sjɔ̃/ | cerclassiez /sɛʁ.kla.sje/ | cerclassent /sɛʁ.klas/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | cercle /sɛʁkl/ | — | cerclons /sɛʁ.klɔ̃/ | cerclez /sɛʁ.kle/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
References
- https://books.google.com/books?id=r-0IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Further reading
- “cercler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.