achwyn
Welsh
Alternative forms
- achwyno
Etymology
a- + cwyn (“complaint”)
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈaχʊɨ̯n/, /ˈaχwɨ̞n/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈaːχʊi̯n/, /ˈaχʊi̯n/
Noun
achwyn m (plural achwynion)
- complaint
Verb
achwyn (first-person singular present achwynaf)
- to complain
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | achwynaf | achwyni | achwyn, achwyna | achwynwn | achwynwch | achwynant | achwynir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | achwynwn | achwynit | achwynai | achwynem | achwynech | achwynent | achwynid | |
| preterite | achwynais | achwynaist | achwynodd | achwynasom | achwynasoch | achwynasant | achwynwyd | |
| pluperfect | achwynaswn | achwynasit | achwynasai | achwynasem | achwynasech | achwynasent | achwynasid, achwynesid | |
| present subjunctive | achwynwyf | achwynych | achwyno | achwynom | achwynoch | achwynont | achwyner | |
| imperative | — | achwyn, achwyna | achwyned | achwynwn | achwynwch | achwynent | achwyner | |
| verbal noun | achwyn | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | achwynedig achwynadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | achwyna i, achwynaf i | achwyni di | achwynith o/e/hi, achwyniff e/hi | achwynwn ni | achwynwch chi | achwynan nhw |
| conditional | achwynwn i, achwynswn i | achwynet ti, achwynset ti | achwynai fo/fe/hi, achwynsai fo/fe/hi | achwynen ni, achwynsen ni | achwynech chi, achwynsech chi | achwynen nhw, achwynsen nhw |
| preterite | achwynais i, achwynes i | achwynaist ti, achwynest ti | achwynodd o/e/hi | achwynon ni | achwynoch chi | achwynon nhw |
| imperative | — | achwyna | — | — | achwynwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- achwyniad (“complaint, accusation”)
- achwynwr (“complainer; complainant, plaintiff”)
- achwynydd (“complainer; complainant, plaintiff”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| achwyn | unchanged | unchanged | hachwyn |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “achwyn”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “achwynaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies