caled
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *kaletos (compare Breton calet, Middle Irish calath, calad), from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”).
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) (standard) (colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈkalɛd/
- (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈkalad/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈkaːlɛd/, /ˈkalɛd/
Adjective
caled (feminine singular caled, plural caled, equative caleted, comparative caletach, superlative caletaf)
- hard
- rough, cruel, unfeeling, sore, severe (especially of weather, season, etc.), hard to bear
- strict, strait
- stingy, niggardly, illiberal, thrifty; obstinate
- abstruse, difficult, hard (to understand, explain, perform, etc.)
- Mae'r gwaith yn galed iawn ― The work is very hard
- hardy, tough
- (of water) hard
- (phonology, of a consonant) hard, voiceless
Synonyms
- (difficult): anodd
Noun
caled m (plural caledion or celyd)
- battle, hard struggle, distress; hard object
- miser, niggard
Related terms
- caledu (“to harden, become hardened, dry, grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate; to pronounce as voiceless; to grow stingy or niggardly; to become costive or constipated, constipate; to temper”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| caled | galed | nghaled | chaled |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References
- Angharad Fychan and Ann Parry Owen, editors (2014), “caled”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies