bꜣk

bꜣk

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈbaːʀak/ → /baːjk/ → /βoːk/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈbaːʀak/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /baːjk/
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /βoːk/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /bɑk/
  • Conventional anglicization: bak

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to work (+ m: on (something); + n: for (someone))
2. (intransitive) to render service
3. (intransitive) to pay taxes
4. (transitive) to produce or improve, to work

Inflection

Conjugation of bꜣk (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: bꜣk, geminated stem: bꜣkk

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
bꜣk	bꜣkw, bꜣk	bꜣkt	bꜣk	bꜣk

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
bꜣk	ḥr bꜣk	m bꜣk	r bꜣk

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	bꜣk.n	bꜣkw, bꜣk	consecutive	bꜣk.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	bꜣkt
perfective3	bꜣk	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative	bꜣk.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	bꜣk	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	bꜣk	bꜣkk	potentialis	bꜣk.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	bꜣk	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	bꜣk.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	bꜣk	active + .tj1, .tw2	bꜣk	bꜣk, bꜣkw5, bꜣky5
imperfective	bꜣk, bꜣky, bꜣkw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	bꜣk, bꜣkj6, bꜣky6	bꜣk, bꜣkw5
prospective	bꜣk, bꜣktj7	—	bꜣktj4, bꜣkt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• bꜣkw

Noun

 m

1. (male) servant

Inflection

Declension of bꜣk (masculine)

singular	bꜣk
dual	bꜣkwj
plural	bꜣkw

Derived terms

• bꜣkt
• bꜣk jm

Descendants

• Demotic: bk
  • Coptic: ⲃⲱⲕ (bōk)

References

• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 41