-ach
Chuukese
Suffix
-ach
- (added to possessive nouns) our (inclusive)
Related terms
| Small objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
| Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
| Third person | an | noun | -an | |
| Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) | nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) | -em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
| Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
| Third person | ar | nour | -er |
Irish
Pronunciation
- (Munster, Connacht) IPA(key): /əx/
- (Ulster) IPA(key): /ax/, /ah/, /a/
Etymology 1
From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂ + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos; compare Welsh -og. Doublet of -óg.
Alternative forms
- -each (slender form)
Suffix
-ach m
- Forms nouns from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.
- Éire (“Ireland”) + -ach → Éireannach (“Irish (person)”)
- Sasana (“England”) + -ach → Sasanach (“English (person)”)
- Forms adjectives from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.
- bunús (“basis”) + -ach → bunúsach (“basic”)
- fearg (“anger”) + -ach → feargach (“angry”)
- Éire (“Ireland”) + -ach → Éireannach (“Irish”)
- Sasana (“England”) + -ach → Sasanach (“English”)
Declension
For nouns:
First declension
Bare forms:
| Forms with the definite article:
|
For adjectives:
| Singular | Plural (m/f) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | -ach | -ach | -acha | |
| Vocative | -aigh | -acha | ||
| Genitive | -aí | -acha | -ach | |
| Dative | -ach | -ach; -aigh (archaic) | -acha | |
| Comparative | níos -aí | |||
| Superlative | is -aí | |||
Derived terms
- -achán
- -achas
Etymology 2
From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-Vkos (V standing for any vowel), the genitive singular ending of certain nouns ending in *-Vxs.
Suffix
-ach
- forms the genitive singular of some fifth-declension nouns
Middle Irish
Etymology
From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Doublet of -óc.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əx/
Suffix
-ach
- Forms adjectives meaning "related to, having, characterised by, prone to".
- Forms nouns meaning "person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having".
Usage notes
After a palatalised consonant, the suffix becomes -ech.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Irish: -ach
- Manx: -agh
- Scottish Gaelic: -ach
Middle Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *-ox, with the vowel altered by influence from -af.
Suffix
-ach
- forms a comparative adjective
Derived terms
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Doublet of -óc.
Compare Latin -ācus, -icus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ax/
Suffix
-ach
- Forms adjectives meaning "related to, having, characterised by, prone to".
- Forms nouns meaning "person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having".
Usage notes
After a palatalised consonant, the suffix becomes -ech.
Inflection
Adjective:
| o/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | -ach | -ach | -ach |
| Vocative | -aig* -ach** | ||
| Accusative | -ach | -aig | |
| Genitive | -aig | -aige | -aig |
| Dative | -uch | -aig | -uch |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | |
| Nominative | -aig | -acha | |
| Vocative | -achu -acha† | ||
| Accusative | -achu -acha† | ||
| Genitive | -ach | ||
| Dative | -achaib | ||
| Notes | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative | ||
Noun:
| Masculine o-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -ach | -achL | -aigL |
| Vocative | -aig | -achL | -achuH |
| Accusative | -achN | -achL | -achuH |
| Genitive | -aigL | -ach | -achN |
| Dative | -uchL | -achaib | -achaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Middle Irish: -ach
- Irish: -ach
- Manx: -agh
- Scottish Gaelic: -ach
Further reading
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 347
Scottish Gaelic
Alternative forms
- -each (slender form)
Etymology
From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos; compare Welsh -og. Doublet of -ag.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ax]
Suffix
-ach (plural -aich or -aichean)
- Forming nouns from nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.
Derived terms
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aχ/
Etymology 1
From Middle Welsh -ach, from Proto-Brythonic *-ox, with the vowel altered by influence from -af.
Suffix
-ach
- Forms a comparative adjective.
- ifanc (“young”) + -ach → ifancach (“younger”)
- pwysig (“important”) + -ach → pwysicach (“more important”)
- tlawd (“poor”) + -ach → tlotach (“poorer”)
Usage notes
Triggers fortition of the final consonant of the adjectival stem.
Derived terms
Alternative forms
- -iach
Suffix
-ach
- pejorative suffix
- cor (“dwarf”) + -ach → corrach (“dwarf, gnome”)
- cawl (“soup”) + -ach → cawlach (“mess, hotchpotch”)
- dillad (“clothes”) + -ach → dilladach (“old clothes, worthless clothing”)
Derived terms
Suffix
-ach f
- suffix forming abstract nouns and some verbnouns
- cyfrin (“privy, cryptic”) + -ach → cyfrinach (“secret”)
- cyfaill (“friend”) + -ach → cyfeillach (“fellowship, companionship”)
- clinc (“clink, tinkle”) + tarddu (“emerge, erupt”) + -ach → clindarddarch (“crackling; to crackle”)
Derived terms
References
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ach”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies