brwydro
Welsh
Etymology
From brwydr (“battle”) + -o.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbrʊɨ̯drɔ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈbrʊi̯drɔ/
Verb
brwydro (first-person singular present brwydraf)
- (intransitive) to battle, to fight
- Synonyms: ymladd, rhyfela
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | brwydraf | brwydri | brwydra | brwydrwn | brwydrwch | brwydrant | brwydrir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | brwydrwn | brwydrit | brwydrai | brwydrem | brwydrech | brwydrent | brwydrid | |
| preterite | brwydrais | brwydraist | brwydrodd | brwydrasom | brwydrasoch | brwydrasant | brwydrwyd | |
| pluperfect | brwydraswn | brwydrasit | brwydrasai | brwydrasem | brwydrasech | brwydrasent | brwydrasid, brwydresid | |
| present subjunctive | brwydrwyf | brwydrych | brwydro | brwydrom | brwydroch | brwydront | brwydrer | |
| imperative | — | brwydra | brwydred | brwydrwn | brwydrwch | brwydrent | brwydrer | |
| verbal noun | brwydro | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | brwydredig brwydradwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | brwydra i, brwydraf i | brwydri di | brwydrith o/e/hi, brwydriff e/hi | brwydrwn ni | brwydrwch chi | brwydran nhw |
| conditional | brwydrwn i, brwydrswn i | brwydret ti, brwydrset ti | brwydrai fo/fe/hi, brwydrsai fo/fe/hi | brwydren ni, brwydrsen ni | brwydrech chi, brwydrsech chi | brwydren nhw, brwydrsen nhw |
| preterite | brwydrais i, brwydres i | brwydraist ti, brwydrest ti | brwydrodd o/e/hi | brwydron ni | brwydroch chi | brwydron nhw |
| imperative | — | brwydra | — | — | brwydrwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- brwydrwr (“battler, fighter”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| brwydro | frwydro | mrwydro | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950-), “brwydro”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies