breken
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch brēken, from Old Dutch *brecan, from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbreːkə(n)/
audio (file) - Hyphenation: bre‧ken
- Rhymes: -eːkən
Verb
breken
- (ergative) to break
Inflection
| Inflection of breken (strong class 4) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | breken | |||
| past singular | brak | |||
| past participle | gebroken | |||
| infinitive | breken | |||
| gerund | breken n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | breek | brak | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | breekt | brak | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | breekt | brak | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | breekt | braakt | ||
| 3rd person singular | breekt | brak | ||
| plural | breken | braken | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | breke | brake | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | breken | braken | ||
| imperative sing. | breek | |||
| imperative plur.1 | breekt | |||
| participles | brekend | gebroken | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Derived terms
- aanbreken
- afbreken
- binnenbreken
- doorbreken
- inbreken
- losbreken
- onderbreken
- ontbreken
- opbreken
- openbreken
- stukbreken
- uitbreken
- verbreken
- wegbreken
Related terms
- breuk
- braak
- inbraak
Descendants
- Afrikaans: breek
- Berbice Creole Dutch: breke
- Negerhollands: breek
Anagrams
- berken
Low German
Alternative forms
- bräken
- briäken
- braeken, breaken, brekken (New Saxon Spelling)
Etymology
From Middle Low German brēken, from Old Saxon brekan, from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg-. Cognate to Plautdietsch bräken, Dutch breken, German brechen, West Frisian brekke, English break, Danish brække.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [breːkⁿŋ̩]
Verb
breken (third-person singular simple present brickt, past tense brook, past participle braken, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to break
Conjugation
| infinitive | breken | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | breek | brook |
| 2nd person singular | bricks(t) | brooks(t) |
| 3rd person singular | brick(t) | brook |
| plural | breekt, breeken | broken |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | breek | |
| plural | breekt | |
| participle | present | past |
| breken | (e)braken, gebraken | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch *brecan, from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg-.
Verb
brēken
- to break, to break into pieces
- to break, to be broken
- to destroy
- to break in
- to end, to diminish, to weaken
- to break, to overcome resistance, to subdue
Inflection
| Strong class 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | brēken | |
| 3rd sg. past | brac | |
| 3rd pl. past | brâken | |
| Past participle | gebroken | |
| Infinitive | brēken | |
| In genitive | brēkens | |
| In dative | brēkene | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | brēke | brac |
| 2nd singular | brēecs, brēkes | brâecs, brâkes |
| 3rd singular | brēect, brēket | brac |
| 1st plural | brēken | brâken |
| 2nd plural | brēect, brēket | brâect, brâket |
| 3rd plural | brēken | brâken |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | brēke | brâke |
| 2nd singular | brēecs, brēkes | brâkes |
| 3rd singular | brēke | brâke |
| 1st plural | brēken | brâken |
| 2nd plural | brēect, brēket | brâket |
| 3rd plural | brēken | brâken |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | brec, brēec, brēke | |
| Plural | brēect, brēket | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | brēkende | gebroken |
Derived terms
- gebrēken
- misbrēken
- ontbrēken
- tebrēken
- verbrēken
Descendants
- Dutch: breken
- Limburgish: braeke
Further reading
- “breken (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “breken”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle English
Alternative forms
- breoken, braken
Etymology
From Old English brecan, from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną. Doublet of brayen (“to break up”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbrɛːkən/
Verb
breken
- to break
Conjugation
| infinitive | (to) breken, breke | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | past tense | ||
| 1st-person singular | breke | brak, brek | |
| 2nd-person singular | brekest | breke, brake, brak, brek | |
| 3rd-person singular | breketh | brak, brek | |
| subjunctive singular | breke | breke1, brake1 | |
| imperative singular | — | ||
| plural2 | breken, breke | breken, breke, braken, brake | |
| imperative plural | breketh, breke | — | |
| participles | brekynge, brekende | broken, broke, ybroken, ybroke | |
1Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
2Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Derived terms
- breker
Descendants
- English: break
- Scots: breke, brick, brak
- Yola: brocke, brough, brek
References
- “brēken, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.