borjú
Hungarian
Etymology
Borrowed from Oghur[1] before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries), from Proto-Turkic *buŕagu. Compare Chuvash пӑру (păru, “calf”), Old Turkic 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆 (b¹uzǧu /buzaɣu/), Ottoman Turkish بوزاغو (buzağı, “calf”). The word can also be found in the Mongolic languages. The form that arrived in the Hungarian language was probably *buraɣu.[2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈborjuː], [ˈborju]
- Hyphenation: bor‧jú
- Rhymes: -juː, -ju
Noun
borjú (plural borjúk or borjak)
- calf (young cow or bull)
- calf (the young of another large mammal, such as a deer, roe, bison, giraffe, elephant, whale, seal, hippopotamus, etc.)
- Synonym of borjúhús (“veal”, the flesh of a calf [i.e. a young bovine] used for food)
Usage notes
There are two forms for the possessive third-person with different meanings. Singular:
- a tehén borja ― the calf of the cow (the mother)
- a gazda borjúja ― the calf of the farmer (the owner)
Plural:
- a tehén borjai ― the calves of the cow
- a gazda borjúi ― the calves of the farmer
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | borjú | borjúk |
| accusative | borjút | borjúkat |
| dative | borjúnak | borjúknak |
| instrumental | borjúval | borjúkkal |
| causal-final | borjúért | borjúkért |
| translative | borjúvá | borjúkká |
| terminative | borjúig | borjúkig |
| essive-formal | borjúként | borjúkként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | borjúban | borjúkban |
| superessive | borjún | borjúkon |
| adessive | borjúnál | borjúknál |
| illative | borjúba | borjúkba |
| sublative | borjúra | borjúkra |
| allative | borjúhoz | borjúkhoz |
| elative | borjúból | borjúkból |
| delative | borjúról | borjúkról |
| ablative | borjútól | borjúktól |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | borjúé | borjúké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | borjúéi | borjúkéi |
| Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | borjú | borjak |
| accusative | borjat | borjakat |
| dative | borjúnak | borjaknak |
| instrumental | borjúval | borjakkal |
| causal-final | borjúért | borjakért |
| translative | borjúvá | borjakká |
| terminative | borjúig | borjakig |
| essive-formal | borjúként | borjakként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | borjúban | borjakban |
| superessive | borjún | borjakon |
| adessive | borjúnál | borjaknál |
| illative | borjúba | borjakba |
| sublative | borjúra | borjakra |
| allative | borjúhoz | borjakhoz |
| elative | borjúból | borjakból |
| delative | borjúról | borjakról |
| ablative | borjútól | borjaktól |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | borjúé | borjaké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | borjúéi | borjakéi |
| Possessive forms of borjú | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | borjúm | borjúim |
| 2nd person sing. | borjúd | borjúid |
| 3rd person sing. | borjúja borja | borjúi |
| 1st person plural | borjúnk | borjúink |
| 2nd person plural | borjútok | borjúitok |
| 3rd person plural | borjújuk borjuk | borjúik |
In relation to its biological parents:
| Possessive forms of borjú | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | — | borjaim |
| 2nd person sing. | — | borjaid |
| 3rd person sing. | — | borjai |
| 1st person plural | — | borjaink |
| 2nd person plural | — | borjaitok |
| 3rd person plural | — | borjaik |
Derived terms
- borjas
- borjazik / borjadzik
Compound words with this term at the beginning
- borjúaprólék
- borjúbelsőség
- borjúcsont
- borjúcsorda
- borjúcsülök
- borjúfark
- borjúfej
- borjúfilé
- borjúgerinc
- borjúistálló
- borjúkaraj
- borjúkötél
- borjúlapocka
- borjúnyelv
- borjúpacal
- borjúpaprikás
- borjúpásztor
- borjúpecsenye
- borjútüdő
- borjúvágó
- borjúvelő
Compound words with this term at the end
- aranyborjú
- bikaborjú
- bivalyborjú
- szarvasborjú
- üszőborjú
- víziborjú
Expressions
- ki fia-borja?
- néz, mint borjú az új kapura
References
- Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*buŕa-gu”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- borjú in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- borjú in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- borjú in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (’A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2023)