𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫

𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫

Prakrit

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit चर्म (cárma).

Noun

𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma) n (Devanagari चम्म, Kannada ಚಮ್ಮ) (Maharastri, Ardhamagadhi, Magadhi)

1. leather
   • c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 631:

     𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀅! 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀲𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀅-𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀺𑀅-𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁
     𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀁 𑀯𑀸𑀳-𑀚𑀼𑀆𑀡𑁄 𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀥𑀡𑀼𑀁 𑀡 𑀡𑀸𑀫𑁂𑀇

     aṇṇesu pahia! pucchasu vāhaa-puttesu pusia-cammāiṃ
     amhaṃ vāha-juāṇo hāriṇesu dhaṇuṃ ṇa ṇāmei

     • 2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken

       Trader, for hides of the spotted deer, you’ll have to go elsewhere
       Our young hunter no longer bends his bow to shoot deer.

2. shield

Declension

Maharastri declension of 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (neuter)
	singular	plural
Nominative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀁 (cammaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)
Accusative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀁 (cammaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)
Instrumental	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀡 (cammeṇa) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀡𑀁 (cammeṇaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺 (cammehi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (cammehiṃ)
Dative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀅 (cammāa)	—
Ablative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀑 (cammāo) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀉 (cammāu) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸 (cammā) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺 (cammāhi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (cammāhiṃto)	—
Genitive	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀲 (cammassa)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀡 (cammāṇa) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀁 (cammāṇaṃ)
Locative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (cammammi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂 (camme)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼 (cammesu) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (cammesuṃ)
Vocative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸 (cammā)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)

Derived terms

Terms inherited from *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀟 (*camma-ḍa)

• Gujarati: ચામડ (cāmaḍ)
• Marathi: चामट (cāmaṭ)
• → Kannada: ಚಮಡ (camaḍa)

Terms inherited from *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀟-𑀅 ~ *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀟-𑀕 (*camma-ḍa-a ~ *camma-ḍa-ga)

• Assamese: চাম্ৰা (samra)
• Middle Bengali: চামড়া (cāmaṛā)
  • Bengali: চামড়া (camôṛa)
• Bundeli: चामरो (cāmro)
• Chhattisgarhi: चमड़ा (camṛā)
• Gojri: چَمْڑو‎ (camṛo)
• Gujarati: ચામડું (cāmḍũ)
• Hindustani: camṛā

  Hindi: चमड़ा

  Urdu: چَمْڑَا‎

• Konkani:

  Kannada: ಚಾಮ್ಡೆಂ

  Latin: chambddem

• Maithili: camṛā

  Devanagari: चमड़ा

  Tirhuta: 𑒔𑒧𑒛𑓃𑒰

• Malvi: चमड़ा (camṛā)
• Old Marathi: cāṃbaḍeṃ, cāṃbuḍeṃ

  Devanagari: चांबडें, चांबुडें

  Modi: 𑘓𑘰𑘽𑘤𑘚𑘹𑘽, 𑘓𑘰𑘽𑘤𑘳𑘚𑘹𑘽

  • Marathi: चामडे (cāmḍe)
  • Varhadi: चामळं (cāmḷa)
• Marwari:

  Devanagari: चमड़ा (camṛā), चौमड़ौ (caumṛau)

  Mahajani: 𑅙𑅬𑅲 (cmṛ), 𑅙𑅒𑅬𑅲𑅒 (cumṛu)

• Oriya: ଚମଡ଼ା (cômôṛa)
• Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi: ਚਮੜਾ (camṛā)

  Shahmukhi: چَمْڑَہ‎ (camṛah)

• Sindhi: camiṛo

  Arabic: چَمِڙو‎

  Devanagari: चमिड़ो

  Sindhi: 𑋀𑋗𑋡𑋊𑋧

Terms inherited from *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀟-𑀇𑀆 ~ *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀟-𑀇𑀕𑀸 (*camma-ḍa-iā ~ *camma-ḍa-igā)

• Ahirani: चमडी (camḍī), चामडी (cāmḍī)
• Konkani:

  Devanagari: चामडी (cāmḍī)

• Gojri: چَمْڑِی‎ (camṛī)
• Gujarati: ચામડી (cāmḍī)
• Hindustani: camṛī

  Hindi: चमड़ी

  Urdu: چَمْڑِی‎

• Maithili: camṛī

  Devanagari: चमड़ी

  Tirhuta: 𑒔𑒧𑒛𑓃𑒲

• Malvi: चमड़ी (camṛī)
• Old Marathi: cāmaṭhī, cāmāṭī, cāmāṭhī

  Devanagari: चामठी, चामाटी, चामाठी

  Modi: 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘙𑘲, 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘘𑘲, 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘰𑘙𑘲

  • Marathi: चामडी (cāmḍī)
• Marwari:

  Devanagari: चमड़ी (camṛī), चामड़ी (cāmṛī)

  Mahajani: 𑅙𑅬𑅲𑅑 (cmṛi)

• Old Punjabi: ਚਮੜੀ (camaṛī)
  • Punjabi: camṛī

    Gurmukhi: ਚਮੜੀ

    Shahmukhi: چَمْڑِی‎

• Saraiki: چَمْڑِی‎ (camṛī)
• Sindhi: camiṛī

  Arabic: چَمِڙيِ‎

  Devanagari: चमिड़ी

  Khudawadi: 𑋀𑋗𑋡𑋊𑋢

Terms inherited from *𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀮 (*camma-la)

• Old Marathi: cāmaḷa

  Devanagari: चामळ

  Modi: 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘯

Descendants

Terms inherited from 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma)

• Assamese: চাম (sam)
• Bagheli: चाम (cām)
• Middle Bengali: চাম (cāma)
  • Bengali: চাম (cam)
• Chakma: 𑄌𑄟𑄴 (cām)
• Chhattisgarhi: चाम (cām)
• Dhivehi: ހަން‎ (han̊)
• Gojri: چَم‎ (cam)
• Gujarati: ચામ (cām)
• Old Hindi: चांब (cā̃b), चांम (cā̃m)
  • Hindustani: cām

    Hindi: चाम

    Urdu: چَام‎

• Magahi: 𑂒𑂰𑂧
• Malvi: चाम (cām)
• Old Marathi: cāma

  Devanagari: चाम

  Modi: 𑘓𑘰𑘦

  • Marathi: चाम (cām)
• Maithili: cām

  Devanagari: चाम

  Tirhuta: 𑒔𑒰𑒧

• Marwari:

  Devanagari: चाब (cāb), चांम (cāmm)

  Mahajani: 𑅙𑅪 (cb), 𑅙𑅧𑅬 (cnm)

• Nepali: चाम (cām)
• Oriya: ଚମ (cômô)
• Old Punjabi: ਚੰਮੁ (cammu)
  • Punjabi: camm

    Gurmukhi: ਚੰਮ

    Shahmukhi: چَمّ‎

• Saraiki: چَم‎ (cam)
• Sindhi: camu

  Arabic: چَمُ‎

  Devanagari: चमु

  Khudawadi: 𑋀𑋗𑋣

• Sinhalese: සම (sama), හම (hama)

Further reading

• Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928), “चम्म”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [Pāia-Sadda-Mahaṇṇavo; lit. Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].
• Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, pages 248, 253.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “cárman”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 255