𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽

𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

Uncertain; see Lehmann 1986: 265; 332-333 for a more complete overview.

• The only attested form of this word, 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 (naiswōr) was read as 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅 (naiw) by some early scholars, but that reading is now considered to be erroneous and the verb which was hypothesized to exist based on it is now widely considered a ghost word.
• Some have read the prefix of this word as an alteration or misspelling of 𐌽𐌹 (ni);
• Others consider the first element to be 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍃 (naus, “corpse”), rendering the meaning of the compound as to swear to death, that is, to swear or wish death upon another.
• Finally, some have read the first element as the prefix 𐌹𐌽- (in-) altered by some means or another, perhaps a scribal mistake. This would make the term an exact calque of Ancient Greek ἐνέχειν (enékhein), which this Gothic word happens to translate.

Verb

𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 • (naiswaran)

1. (hapax) to grudge

Conjugation

Class 6 strong
Infinitive	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 naiswaran
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 naiswara	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 naiswōr	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 naiswarada
2nd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 naiswaris	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄 naiswōrt	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌰 naiswaraza
3rd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 naiswariþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 naiswōr	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 naiswarada
1st dual	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 naiswarōs	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿 naiswōru	—
2nd dual	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 naiswarats	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍃 naiswōruts	—
1st plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼 naiswaram	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌼 naiswōrum	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 naiswaranda
2nd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 naiswariþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌸 naiswōruþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 naiswaranda
3rd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 naiswarand	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽 naiswōrun	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 naiswaranda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿 naiswarau	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿 naiswōrjau	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaraidau
2nd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃 naiswarais	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 naiswōreis	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 naiswaraizau
3rd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 naiswarai	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌹 naiswōri	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaraidau
1st dual	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 naiswaraiwa	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 naiswōreiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 naiswaraits	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 naiswōreits	—
1st plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 naiswaraima	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 naiswōreima	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaraindau
2nd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸 naiswaraiþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌸 naiswōreiþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaraindau
3rd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 naiswaraina	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 naiswōreina	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaraindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂 naiswar
3rd singular	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswaradau
2nd dual	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 naiswarats
2nd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 naiswariþ
3rd plural	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 naiswarandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 naiswarands	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 naiswarans

References

• Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden 1986)