𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽
Gothic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *kunnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkunːan/
Verb
𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 • (kunnan)
- to know, to be familiar with
Conjugation
Variant spellings 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍄 (kannt), 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹 (kunnei) and 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 (kunnjai) are attested. Gary Miller claims the latter is a misreading for 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌿 (kunnjau) in the manuscripts.[1] Others have interpreted this as a scribal mistake (analogous formation) for the third-person singular 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹 (kunnei)/*𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹 (*kunni).
| Preterite-present | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 kunnan | |||
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive | |
| 1st singular | 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽 kann | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰 kunþa | — | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍄 kant | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐍃 kunþēs | — | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽 kann | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰 kunþa | — | |
| 1st dual | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿 kunnu | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿 kunþēdu | — | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍃 kunnuts | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 kunþēduts | — | |
| 1st plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼 kunnum | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 kunþēdum | — | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌸 kunnuþ | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 kunþēduþ | — | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 kunnun | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 kunþēdun | — | |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive | |
| 1st singular | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌿 kunnjau | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 kunþēdjau | — | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 kunneis | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 kunþēdeis | — | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹 kunni | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌹 kunþēdi | — | |
| 1st dual | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 kunneiwa | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 kunþēdeiwa | — | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 kunneits | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 kunþēdeits | — | |
| 1st plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 kunneima | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 kunþēdeima | — | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 kunneiþ | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 kunþēdeiþ | — | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 kunneina | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 kunþēdeina | — | |
| Imperative | ||||
| 2nd singular | — | |||
| 3rd singular | — | |||
| 2nd dual | — | |||
| 2nd plural | — | |||
| 3rd plural | — | |||
| Present | Past | |||
| Participles | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 kunnands | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 kunþs | ||
Derived terms
Note that some of the apparent derivates are class 3 weak verbs (with infinitives ending in -ān) instead of preterite-present verbs like the above.
- 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (anakunnān)
- 𐌰𐍄𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (atkunnān)
- 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gakunnan), 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gakunnān)
- 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (frakunnan)
- 𐌿𐍆𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (ufkunnān)
- 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (unkunnands)
- 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (unkunþs)
- 𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (uskunþs)
Related terms
- 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kannjan)
References
- Miller, D. Gary (2019) The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 211