𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽

𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one's tribe”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdriu̯ɡan/, [ˈdriu̯ɣan]

Verb

𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 • (driugan)

1. to wage (warfare)
   • 1 Timothy 1:18:

     𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌰 𐌸𐌿𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌿, 𐌱𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 *** 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼, 𐌴𐌹 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸,

     þō anabusn anafilha þus, barnilō teimauþaiu, bi þaim *** faura faursniwandam ana þuk praufētjam, ei driugais in þaim þata gōdō drauhtiwitōþ,

     This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war a good warfare; (KJV)

Conjugation

Strong
Infinitive	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 driugan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰 driuga	𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌲 draug	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰 driugada
2nd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌹𐍃 driugis	𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍄 draugt	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌰 driugaza
3rd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌸 driugiþ	𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌲 draug	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰 driugada
1st dual	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐍉𐍃 driugōs	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌿 drugu	—
2nd dual	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍃 driugats	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌿𐍄𐍃 druguts	—
1st plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌼 driugam	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌼 drugum	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 driuganda
2nd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌸 driugiþ	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌸 druguþ	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 driuganda
3rd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳 driugand	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽 drugun	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 driuganda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌿 driugau	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌿 drugjau	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugaidau
2nd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 driugais	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃 drugeis	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 driugaizau
3rd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹 driugai	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌹 drugi	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugaidau
1st dual	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 driugaiwa	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 drugeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 driugaits	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 drugeits	—
1st plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 driugaima	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 drugeima	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugaindau
2nd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌸 driugaiþ	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌸 drugeiþ	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugaindau
3rd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 driugaina	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 drugeina	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲 driug
3rd singular	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugadau
2nd dual	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍃 driugats
2nd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌸 driugiþ
3rd plural	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 driugandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 driugands	𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 drugans

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 27