𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽
Gothic
Etymology
𐌲𐌰- (ga-) + *𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*nanþjan), from Proto-Germanic *nanþijaną (“to dare”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡaˈnanθjan/
Verb
𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (gananþjan)
- to finish, stop, cease
- Luke 5:4:
- 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌿: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌳 𐌸𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽.
- biþēh þan gananþida rōdjands, qaþ du seimōnau: brigg ana diupiþa, jah athahid þō natja izwara du fiskōn.
- Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. (KJV)
- Luke 5:4:
Conjugation
Class 1 weak | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 gananþjan | |||
Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive | |
1st singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 gananþja | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 gananþida | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 gananþjada | |
2nd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 gananþeis | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 gananþidēs | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 gananþjaza | |
3rd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌸 gananþeiþ | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 gananþida | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 gananþjada | |
1st dual | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐍉𐍃 gananþjōs | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 gananþidēdu | — | |
2nd dual | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 gananþjats | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 gananþidēduts | — | |
1st plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼 gananþjam | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 gananþidēdum | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gananþjanda | |
2nd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌸 gananþeiþ | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 gananþidēduþ | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gananþjanda | |
3rd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 gananþjand | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 gananþidēdun | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gananþjanda | |
Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive | |
1st singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌿 gananþjau | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 gananþidēdjau | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjaidau | |
2nd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 gananþjais | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 gananþidēdeis | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 gananþjaizau | |
3rd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹 gananþjai | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 gananþidēdi | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjaidau | |
1st dual | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 gananþjaiwa | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 gananþidēdeiwa | — | |
2nd dual | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 gananþjaits | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 gananþidēdeits | — | |
1st plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 gananþjaima | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 gananþidēdeima | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjaindau | |
2nd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 gananþjaiþ | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 gananþidēdeiþ | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjaindau | |
3rd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 gananþjaina | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 gananþidēdeina | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjaindau | |
Imperative | ||||
2nd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹 gananþei | |||
3rd singular | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjadau | |||
2nd dual | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 gananþjats | |||
2nd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌸 gananþeiþ | |||
3rd plural | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gananþjandau | |||
Present | Past | |||
Participles | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 gananþjands | 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌸𐍃 gananþiþs |
Usage notes
Because the semantic development of “dare” to “finish” is difficult to explain, some editors have emended the attested form 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 (gananþida) to 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 (gaandida), an otherwise unattested verb that would be descended from Proto-Germanic *andijōną (“to end, finish”).
Further reading
- Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 98