흔하다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 흔ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hùn-hòtá), which Alexander Vovin speculates is a (perhaps Mandarin-influenced) nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 흔하다 (很—, heunhada, “to be exceeding”).[1]
Equivalent to 흔 (heun) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [xɯnɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [흔하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | heunhada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | heunhada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | hŭnhada |
| Yale Romanization? | hun.hata |
Adjective
흔하다 • (heunhada) (infinitive 흔해 or 흔하여, sequential 흔하니)
- to be frequent, to be common
- Synonyms: 많다 (manta), 잦다 (jatda)
- to be commonplace, to be ordinary
- Synonyms: 예사롭다 (yesaropda), 쌔다 (ssaeda), 일상적 (ilsangjeok)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 흔하다 (heunhada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 흔하다 heunhada | 흔해 heunhae | 흔해요 heunhaeyo | 흔합니다 heunhamnida |
| Past | 흔했다 heunhaetda | 흔했어 heunhaesseo | 흔했어요 heunhaesseoyo | 흔했습니다 heunhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 흔하냐 heunhanya | 흔해 heunhae | 흔해요 heunhaeyo | 흔합니까 heunhamnikka |
| Past | 흔했냐 heunhaennya | 흔했어 heunhaesseo | 흔했어요 heunhaesseoyo | 흔했습니까 heunhaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 흔하겠다 heunhagetda | 흔하겠어 heunhagesseo | 흔하겠어요 heunhagesseoyo | 흔하겠습니다 heunhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 흔해 heunhae | 흔해서, 흔하여서 heunhaeseo, heunhayeoseo | 흔하니 heunhani | 흔하니까 heunhanikka | |
| Contrast | 흔하지만 heunhajiman | 흔한데 heunhande | 흔하더니 heunhadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 흔하고 heunhago | ||||
| Condition | 흔하면 heunhamyeon | 흔해야, 흔하여야 heunhaeya, heunhayeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 흔함 heunham | 흔하기 heunhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 흔했음, 흔하였음 heunhaesseum, heunhayeosseum | 흔했기, 흔하였기 heunhaetgi, heunhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 흔한 heunhan | |||
| Future | 흔할 heunhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 흔하시다 heunhasida | 흔하셔 heunhasyeo | 흔하세요, 흔하셔요 heunhaseyo, heunhasyeoyo | 흔하십니다 heunhasimnida |
| Past | 흔하셨다 heunhasyeotda | 흔하셨어 heunhasyeosseo | 흔하셨어요 heunhasyeosseoyo | 흔하셨습니다 heunhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 흔하시냐 heunhasinya | 흔하셔 heunhasyeo | 흔하세요, 흔하셔요 heunhaseyo, heunhasyeoyo | 흔하십니까 heunhasimnikka |
| Past | 흔하셨냐 heunhasyeonnya | 흔하셨어 heunhasyeosseo | 흔하셨어요 heunhasyeosseoyo | 흔하셨습니까 heunhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 흔하시겠다 heunhasigetda | 흔하시겠어 heunhasigesseo | 흔하시겠어요 heunhasigesseoyo | 흔하시겠습니다 heunhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 흔하셔 heunhasyeo | 흔하셔서 heunhasyeoseo | 흔하시니 heunhasini | 흔하시니까 heunhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 흔하시지만 heunhasijiman | 흔하신데 heunhasinde | 흔하시더니 heunhasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 흔하시고 heunhasigo | ||||
| Condition | 흔하시면 heunhasimyeon | 흔하셔야 heunhasyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 흔하심 heunhasim | 흔하시기 heunhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 흔하셨음 heunhasyeosseum | 흔하셨기 heunhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 흔하신 heunhasin | |||
| Future | 흔하실 heunhasil | ||||
Derived terms
- 흔해빠지다 (heunhaeppajida, “to be trite”)
- 흖다 (heunta, “to be frequent”)
- 흔히 (heunhi, “frequently”)
References
- Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, University of Hawai’i Press, →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctt6wqz03, page 189