하다
Jeju
Etymology
Cognate with Korean 하다 (hada, “to be many (obsolete)”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ha̠da̠/
Adjective
하다 (hada)
- to be many
Synonyms
- 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda)
Korean
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠da̠]
(file)
- Phonetic hangul: [하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | hada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | hada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | hada |
| Yale Romanization? | hata |
Etymology 1
Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Jeju ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).
It is believed that at an ancient stage, the stem of ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá) was actually *ᄒᆡ (Yale: *hoy-), as still evidenced by the irregular infinitive form 하여 (hayeo) (Vovin 2010, p. 27).
Verb
하다 • (hada) (infinitive 해 or 하여, sequential 하니)
- (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action, in particular:
- 했어? — 아니, 못 했어. ― haet-eo? - ani, mot haet-eo. ― Did you do it? — No, I couldn't.
- 느리게 하면 되나? ― neurige hamyeon doena? ― Will it work if I do it slowly?
- 제가 할 수 있어요. ― je-ga hal su isseo-yo. ― I can do it.
(file)
- to prepare, to make (food, clothes, etc.)
- 내일 먹을 밥을 미리 하다 ― naeil meog-eul bab-eul miri hada ― to make tomorrow's rice in advance
(file)
- 내일 먹을 밥을 미리 하다 ― naeil meog-eul bab-eul miri hada ― to make tomorrow's rice in advance
- to make a certain facial expression
- 어두운 얼굴을 하다 ― eoduun eolgur-eul hada ― to make a gloomy face
(file)
- 어두운 얼굴을 하다 ― eoduun eolgur-eul hada ― to make a gloomy face
- (often polite) to have, to eat
- 혹시 차나 하실래요? ― hoksi cha-na hasillae-yo? ― Should we have some tea?
- 술을 좀처럼 하지 않다 ― sur-eul jomcheoreom haji anta ― to rarely drink alcohol
(file)
- to wear, to put on (accessories such as hats or jewelry)
- 화려한 귀걸이를 하고 나가다 ― hwaryeohan gwigeori-reul hago nagada ― to go out wearing a fancy earring
(file)
- to run (an enterprise, etc.)
- 조그만 옷가게를 하다 ― jogeuman otgage-reul hada ― to run a small clothing store
(file)
- to be, to take the responsibility of... (a charge, a role)
- 대통령을 하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다.
- daetongnyeong-eul haneun geos-eun swiun ir-i anida.
- It is not an easy thing to be president.
- to get (a result)
- 2등밖에 못 하다 ― i-deung-bakke mot hada ― to only get second place
- (of prices, whether literal or figuratively) to cost, to be worth (a certain price)
- 집 한 채에 십 억이나 한다. ― jip han chae-e sip eog-ina handa. ― Each house is worth as much as a billion won.
(file) - 밥값도 못 하는 놈
- bapgap-do mot haneun nom
- worthless person
- (literally, “bastard who isn't even worth the price of his food”)
- (usually with 어떻게 (“how”)) to treat, to deal with
- 이 문제를 어떻게 할까요? ― i munje-reul eotteoke halkka-yo? ― How should we deal with this problem?
- (euphemistic) to acquire (an object, by purchase or other arrangement)
- 휴대폰을 하나 하다 ― hyudaepon-eul hana hada ― to get a cell phone
(file)
- to say (that):
- Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)
- (after an indirect quotation) to say (that)
- Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)
- 잠깐 쉬자고 했다. ― jamkkan swija-go haetda. ― She said we should rest a bit.
- 잠깐 쉬자는 소리에 나는 고개를 돌렸다.
- jamkkan swija-neun sori-e na-neun gogae-reul dollyeotda.
- At her saying we should rest a bit, I turned my head.
- (after a direct quotation, colloquial, especially as 하고) to be like; to say (that)
- Synonym: 이러다 (ireoda)
- 걔가 "씨발" 하고 욕하더라.
- gyae-ga ssibal hago yok-hadeora.
- He cussed, like "fuck".
- 걔가 나보고 "너 미쳤냐?" 하는 거 있지?
- Gyae-ga na-bogo neo micheonnya? haneun geo itji?
- He was telling me, you know, "Are you insane?"
- (transitive) to call, to name
- 서로 의미가 같은 단어를 동의어라 한다.
- seoro uimi-ga gateun daneo-reul dong'uieo-ra handa.
- Words which have the same meaning are called synonyms.
- (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; make the sound of the onomatopoeia; to act according to the ideophone
- 돌이 쿵 하고 떨어졌다. ― dor-i kung hago tteoreojeotda. ― The rock fell, going "boom".
- 병아리가 삐악삐악했다. ― byeong'ari-ga ppiakppiak-haetda. ― The chick went "chirp-chirp".
- (after an interrogative suffix) to wonder, to ponder
- 그가 뭘 보는가 했더니 만화책이었다.
- geu-ga mwol boneun'ga haetdeoni manhwachaeg-ieotda.
- I was wondering what he was reading; it was a comic book.
- (transitive, with 으로 (“with”)) to make, to render:
- (with a noun) to decide on; to make; to use (as)
- Synonym: 삼다 (samda)
- 황제는 차자를 태자로 했다. ― hwangje-neun chaja-reul taeja-ro haetda. ― The emperor decided on his second son as his heir.
- 그 여인을 부인으로 했다. ― geu yeoin-eul bu'in-euro haetda. ― He made that woman his wife.
- 아일랜드 농민들은 감자를 주식으로 했다.
- Aillaendeu nongmin-deur-eun gamja-reul jusig-euro haetda.
- The Irish peasantry had potatoes as their staple food.
- (with a clause nominalized with 기 or 것) to decide
- 친구하고 등산하기로 했어요. ― chin'gu-hago deungsanhagi-ro haesseoyo. ― I decided to go hiking with my friend.
Audio (South Korea) (file)
- 그는 전쟁을 하기로 했다. ― geu-neun jeonjaeng-eul hagi-ro haetda. ― He decided to wage war.
- 정책을 추진하는 것으로 했습니다.
- jeongchaeg-eul chujin-haneun geos-euro haetseumnida.
- We decided to push forward with the policy.
- 친구하고 등산하기로 했어요. ― chin'gu-hago deungsanhagi-ro haesseoyo. ― I decided to go hiking with my friend.
- (with a direction) to cause to face
- 얼굴을 메카 방향으로 하고 기도를 드렸다.
- eolgur-eul Meka banghyang-euro hago gido-reul deuryeotda.
- He had his face face Mecca, and offered his prayers.
- (with a noun) to decide on; to make; to use (as)
- (intransitive, with indirect object, with adverb) to treat (in a certain way)
- Synonym: 대(對)하다 (daehada)
- 내가 남친한테 너무 나쁘게 한 것 같다.
- nae-ga namchin-hante neomu nappeuge han geot gatda.
- I feel I treated my boyfriend too badly.
- (auxiliary) See 어하다 (-eohada, “to consider (as); to find (as)”).
- Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker 을 or the topic marker 은.
- 말 (mal, “speech”) + 하다 (hada) → 말하다 (malhada, “to talk”)
- 번역(飜譯) (beonyeok, “translation”) + 하다 (hada) → 번역(飜譯)하다 (beonyeokhada, “to translate”)
- 사랑 (sarang, “love”) + 하다 (hada) → 사랑하다 (saranghada, “to love”)
- 나를 사랑은 했어? ― na-reul sarang-eun haet-eo? ― Did you even love me?
- 전쟁을 하는 것이 얼마나 끔찍한 일인지 나는 몰랐었다.
- jeonjaeng-eul haneun geos-i eolmana kkeumjjikhan ir-inji na-neun mollasseotda.
- I had not known what a terrible thing it is to wage war.
- Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker 은.
- 클린 (keullin, from English clean) + 하다 (hada) → 클린하다 (keullinhada, “to be clean”)
- 은은(隱隱) (euneun, “being beautifully indistinct”) + 하다 (hada) → 은은(隱隱)하다 (euneunhada, “to be beautifully indistinct”)
- 건강은 한데 맛이 너무 역하다.
- geon'gang-eun hande mas-i neomu yeokhada.
- It's good for your health, but it tastes too repulsive.
- After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective. Such roots tend to be single-character Sino-Korean morphemes.
- 착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + 하다 (hada) → 착하다 (chakhada, “to be nice”)
- 망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + 하다 (hada) → 망(亡)하다 (manghada, “to be brought to ruin”)
- Used with no real meaning after a verb or adjective nominalized with 기 and followed by a particle.
- 먹기는 했다. ― meokgi-neun haetda. ― She did eat [but did not do anything else].
- 먹기만 했다. ― meokgi-man haetda. ― All she did was eat.
- 먹기도 했다. ― meokgi-do haetda. ― She also ate.
- Used as the neutral verbal element after suffixes expressing intent.
- Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)
- 인도로 가고자 했다. ― indo-ro ga-goja haetda. ― He intended to go to India.
- 빨리 도망가려고 했다. ― ppalli domang-ga-ryeogo haetda. ― He quickly tried to run away.
- Used as the neutral verbal element for constructions with repeated suffixes.
- 앉았다가 섰다가 했다.
- anj-at-daga seot-daga haetda.
- He was sitting down, then standing up, then sitting down again.
- 갈까 말까 했다.
- galkka malkka haetda.
- He wondered if he should go or not.
- 아기는 울고 웃고 했다.
- agi-neun ulgo utgo haetda.
- The baby was crying, then smiling.
- (colloquial) and all; used after 고 to emphasize a suffix expressing causation.
- Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)
- 비가 와서 > 비가 오고 해서
- bi-ga waseo > bi-ga ogo haeseo
- since it was raining > since it was raining and all
- 기분이 안 좋길래 > 기분이 안 좋고 하길래
- gibun-i an jo-killae > gibun-i an jo-ko hagillae
- since I was feeling bad > since I was feeling bad and all
- Various idiomatic usages:
- See 게 하다 (-ge hada, “to make; (forms the causative)”).
- See 고는 하다 (-goneun hada, “[one] would [customarily]...”).
- See 다 하면 (-da hamyeon, “if... always”).
- See 어야 하다 (-eoya hada, “must; should; have to”).
- See 었으면 하다 (-eosseumyeon hada, “to wish; to hope”).
- See 으로 하여 (-euro hayeo, “because of; via”).
- See 쯤 해서 (-jjeum haeseo, “around the time...”).
- See 하고 (-hago, “and, with”).
- See 하면 (hamyeon, “as for”).
- See 할 것 없다 (hal geot eopda, “to have no need to distinguish”).
Usage notes
("to say", for direct quotes):
- Using 하고 (hago) is more colloquial and has a nuance of more intimate or faithful quoting than using 이라고 (-irago). For example, speakers use 하고 (hago) when imitating the actual way something was said (e.g. someone's accent, prosody, etc.), and 이라고 (-irago) when quoting written material.[1]
- 나보고 "야 너 어디야?" 하고 묻는 거야. ― Na-bogo ya neo eodi-ya? hago munneun geo-ya. ― He was like, "Hey, where are you?"
- 촉수엄금이라고 적혀있었다. ― Choksueomgeum-irago jeokhyeo-isseotda. ― It was written, "Do not touch."
(compounds)
- As Korean verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by 하다 (hada).
(contractions)
- In compound verbs or adjectives, the stem can be contracted. This often has a literary nuance.
- After obstruent-final stems, the entire stem 하 (ha-) is dropped.
- 생각하지 않았다 > 생각지 않았다 ― saenggak-ha-ji anatda > saenggak-ji anatda ― one did not think
- 깨끗하고 > 깨끗고 ― kkaekkeut-ha-go > kkaekkeut-go ― it is clean, and...
- After sonorant-final stems, only the vowel is dropped and the initial ㅎ (h) merges with the following suffix, so that suffixes beginning with the consonants ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), and ㅈ (j) are aspirated to begin with ㅋ (k), ㅌ (t), and ㅊ (ch):
- 고요하지 않았다 > 고요치 않았다 ― goyo-ha-ji anatda > goyo-chi anatda ― it was not calm
- 편안하고 > 편안코 ― pyeonan-ha-go > pyeonan-ko ― one is comfortable, and...
- After obstruent-final stems, the entire stem 하 (ha-) is dropped.
- For some of the adverbs formed by such a contraction of conjugated forms, the presumed original verb or adjective is no longer widely used, if at all. For example, the adverb 기어(期於)코 (gieoko, “no matter what; in the end”) has no corresponding adjective *기어(期於)하다 (*gieohada).
- Some of these contracted forms have undergone semantic shifts and are no longer fully equivalent to the uncontracted forms. For example, 무심(無心)코 (musimko, “thoughtlessly”) cannot be replaced by 무심(無心)하고 (musim-hago, “[one] is careless, and...”).
- Contraction is more common for connective suffixes and less common for sentence-final ones, especially informal ones.
- Contraction is more common in Gyeongsang dialect than in Standard Seoul Korean.
(contraction in indirect quotes)
- In indirect quotes, the entire stem 하 (ha-) is commonly dropped.
- 쉬자(고) 하는 소리 > 쉬자는 소리 ― swi-ja(-go) ha-neun sori > swi-ja-neun sori ― her saying we should rest
- 없다(고) 하더라 > 없다더라 ― eop-da(-go) ha-deora > eop-da-deora ― He said it wasn't there.
(conjugation)
- In less formal language, the infinitive 하여 (hayeo) is always contracted to 해 (hae).
- Because the intimate style is never formal by definition, 하여 (hayeo) can never replace 해 (hae) in such contexts.
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 하다 (hada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 한다 handa | 해 hae | 해요 haeyo | 합니다 hamnida |
| Past | 했다 haetda | 했어 haesseo | 했어요 haesseoyo | 했습니다 haetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 하느냐 haneunya | 해 hae | 해요 haeyo | 합니까 hamnikka |
| Past | 했느냐 haenneunya | 했어 haesseo | 했어요 haesseoyo | 했습니까 haetseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 하자 haja | 해 hae | 해요 haeyo | 합시다 hapsida | |
| Imperative | 해라, 하여라 haera, hayeora | 해 hae | 해요 haeyo | 합시오 hapsio | |
| Assertive | 하겠다 hagetda | 하겠어 hagesseo | 하겠어요 hagesseoyo | 하겠습니다 hagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 해 hae | 해서, 하여서 haeseo, hayeoseo | 하니 hani | 하니까 hanikka | |
| Contrast | 하지만 hajiman | 하는데 haneunde | 하더니 hadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 하고 hago | ||||
| Condition | 하면 hamyeon | 해야, 하여야 haeya, hayeoya | |||
| Motive | 하려고 haryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 함 ham | 하기 hagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 했음, 하였음 haesseum, hayeosseum | 했기, 하였기 haetgi, hayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 한 han | |||
| Present | 하는 haneun | ||||
| Future | 할 hal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 하신다 hasinda | 하셔 hasyeo | 하세요, 하셔요 haseyo, hasyeoyo | 하십니다 hasimnida |
| Past | 하셨다 hasyeotda | 하셨어 hasyeosseo | 하셨어요 hasyeosseoyo | 하셨습니다 hasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 하시느냐 hasineunya | 하셔 hasyeo | 하세요, 하셔요 haseyo, hasyeoyo | 하십니까 hasimnikka |
| Past | 하셨느냐 hasyeonneunya | 하셨어 hasyeosseo | 하셨어요 hasyeosseoyo | 하셨습니까 hasyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 하시라 hasira | 하셔 hasyeo | 하세요 haseyo | 하십시오 hasipsio | |
| Assertive | 하시겠다 hasigetda | 하시겠어 hasigesseo | 하시겠어요 hasigesseoyo | 하시겠습니다 hasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 하셔 hasyeo | 하셔서 hasyeoseo | 하시니 hasini | 하시니까 hasinikka | |
| Contrast | 하시지만 hasijiman | 하시는데 hasineunde | 하시더니 hasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 하시고 hasigo | ||||
| Condition | 하시면 hasimyeon | 하셔야 hasyeoya | |||
| Motive | 하시려고 hasiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 하심 hasim | 하시기 hasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 하셨음 hasyeosseum | 하셨기 hasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 하신 hasin | |||
| Present | 하시는 hasineun | ||||
| Future | 하실 hasil | ||||
Alternative forms
- 허다 (heoda), 해다 (haeda) – dialectal
- ᄒᆞ다 (hᆞda) – Early Modern
Etymology 2
First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446, as Middle Korean 하다 (Yale: hata).
Adjective
하다 • (hada) (infinitive 하, sequential 하니)
- (obsolete) to be many; to be big
References
- 안경화 (1995) 한국어 인용구문의 연구 [A study of Korean quotative constructions], Seoul National University (PhD)
Middle Korean
Etymology
Suspected to have same root with Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (khú-tá, “to be big”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hà.tá/, [hà.dá]
Adjective
하다〮 (hàtá)
- to be big; to be many
- 1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:
- ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 제 ᄠᅳ〮들〮 시러〮 펴디〮 몯〯 ᄒᆞᇙ 노〮미〮 하니〮라〮
- mòchómnǎy cèy ptút-úl sìlé phyètí mwǒt hòlq nwóm-í hànílá
- ...many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.
-
Derived terms
- 한〮비〮 (hánpí, “heavy rain”)
Descendants
- Early Modern Korean: 하다 (hata)
- ⇒ Korean: 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han River (in Seoul)”)
- ⇒ Korean: 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)