즐비하다
Korean
Etymology
즐비(櫛比) (jeulbi, Sino-Korean root) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕɯɭbiɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [즐비하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | jeulbihada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | jeulbihada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | chŭlbihada |
| Yale Romanization? | culpihata |
Adjective
즐비하다 • (jeulbihada) (infinitive 즐비해 or 즐비하여, sequential 즐비하니, hanja 櫛比하다)
- to stand closely side by side; to pack, to teem
- 마천루가 즐비한 도심 ― macheollu-ga jeulbihan dosim ― the city center packed with skyscrapers
- (figuratively) to be numerous
- 2021 October 6, 오형규 (O Hyeong-gyu), “[오형규 칼럼] "외우기만 한 공부가 나라 망쳤다"”, in hankyung.com, Korea Economic Daily:
- 수출 덕에 덜 심각해 보일 뿐이지 경기 부진, 공급망 대란, 주가 급락 등 위기 징후가 즐비하다.
- Suchul deog-e deol simgak-hae boil ppun-iji gyeonggi bujin, gonggeummang daeran, juga geumnak deung wigi jinghu-ga jeulbihada.
- It is only that the exports make it appear less serious; there are countless signs of crisis, such as a sluggish economy, supply chain crises, and rapid stock downfalls.
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 즐비하다 (jeulbihada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 즐비하다 jeulbihada | 즐비해 jeulbihae | 즐비해요 jeulbihaeyo | 즐비합니다 jeulbihamnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 즐비했다 jeulbihaetda | 즐비했어 jeulbihaesseo | 즐비했어요 jeulbihaesseoyo | 즐비했습니다 jeulbihaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 즐비하냐 jeulbihanya | 즐비해 jeulbihae | 즐비해요 jeulbihaeyo | 즐비합니까 jeulbihamnikka |
| Past | 즐비했냐 jeulbihaennya | 즐비했어 jeulbihaesseo | 즐비했어요 jeulbihaesseoyo | 즐비했습니까 jeulbihaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 즐비하겠다 jeulbihagetda | 즐비하겠어 jeulbihagesseo | 즐비하겠어요 jeulbihagesseoyo | 즐비하겠습니다 jeulbihagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 즐비해 jeulbihae | 즐비해서, 즐비하여서 jeulbihaeseo, jeulbihayeoseo | 즐비하니 jeulbihani | 즐비하니까 jeulbihanikka | |
| Contrast | 즐비하지만 jeulbihajiman | 즐비한데 jeulbihande | 즐비하더니 jeulbihadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 즐비하고 jeulbihago | ||||
| Condition | 즐비하면 jeulbihamyeon | 즐비해야, 즐비하여야 jeulbihaeya, jeulbihayeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 즐비함 jeulbiham | 즐비하기 jeulbihagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 즐비했음, 즐비하였음 jeulbihaesseum, jeulbihayeosseum | 즐비했기, 즐비하였기 jeulbihaetgi, jeulbihayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 즐비한 jeulbihan | |||
| Future | 즐비할 jeulbihal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 즐비하시다 jeulbihasida | 즐비하셔 jeulbihasyeo | 즐비하세요, 즐비하셔요 jeulbihaseyo, jeulbihasyeoyo | 즐비하십니다 jeulbihasimnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 즐비하셨다 jeulbihasyeotda | 즐비하셨어 jeulbihasyeosseo | 즐비하셨어요 jeulbihasyeosseoyo | 즐비하셨습니다 jeulbihasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 즐비하시냐 jeulbihasinya | 즐비하셔 jeulbihasyeo | 즐비하세요, 즐비하셔요 jeulbihaseyo, jeulbihasyeoyo | 즐비하십니까 jeulbihasimnikka |
| Past | 즐비하셨냐 jeulbihasyeonnya | 즐비하셨어 jeulbihasyeosseo | 즐비하셨어요 jeulbihasyeosseoyo | 즐비하셨습니까 jeulbihasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 즐비하시겠다 jeulbihasigetda | 즐비하시겠어 jeulbihasigesseo | 즐비하시겠어요 jeulbihasigesseoyo | 즐비하시겠습니다 jeulbihasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 즐비하셔 jeulbihasyeo | 즐비하셔서 jeulbihasyeoseo | 즐비하시니 jeulbihasini | 즐비하시니까 jeulbihasinikka | |
| Contrast | 즐비하시지만 jeulbihasijiman | 즐비하신데 jeulbihasinde | 즐비하시더니 jeulbihasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 즐비하시고 jeulbihasigo | ||||
| Condition | 즐비하시면 jeulbihasimyeon | 즐비하셔야 jeulbihasyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 즐비하심 jeulbihasim | 즐비하시기 jeulbihasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 즐비하셨음 jeulbihasyeosseum | 즐비하셨기 jeulbihasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 즐비하신 jeulbihasin | |||
| Future | 즐비하실 jeulbihasil | ||||