-이-

-이-

See also: 이 and -이

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 이〮 (-í-), an allomorph of 기〮 (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [i]
• Phonetic hangul: [이]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	i
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	i
McCune–Reischauer?	i
Yale Romanization?	i

• (after vowels): usually a change in vowel quality
  • IPA^(key): /a/ to /ɛ~e/
  • IPA^(key): /ʌ/ to /e/
  • IPA^(key): /o/ to /ø~we/
  • IPA^(key): /u/ to /y~wi/

Suffix

이 • (-i-)

1. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in a vowel, an aspirate consonant, ㄱ (g), or ㄹ (l). No longer productive.

   Synonyms: 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-), 우 (-u-), 구 (-gu-), 추 (-chu-)

   ‎먹다 (meokda, “to eat”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎먹이다 (meogida, “to feed”)

   ‎높다 (nopda, “to be high”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎높이다 (nopida, “to heighten”)

   ‎나다 (nada, “to exit”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎내다 (naeda, “to take out”)

2. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems ending in a vowel or in an aspirate consonant. No longer productive.

   Synonyms: 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-)

   ‎놓다 (nota, “to place”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎놓이다 (noida, “to be placed”)

   ‎보다 (boda, “to see”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎보이다 (boida, “to be seen”)

   ‎바꾸다 (bakkuda, “to change”) (transitive) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎바뀌다 (bakkwida, “to change, to be changed”)

Usage notes

Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:

• 게 하다 (-ge hada) for causatives
• 어지다 (-eojida) for passives

The causative/passive suffixes 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), and 기 (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. 이 attaches to verb stems which end in a vowel or an aspirate consonant, and (in the case of causative verbs only) to stems ending in ㄱ (g) and some of those ending in ㄹ (l).

Etymology 2

From Middle Korean ᅌᅵ (Yale: -ngì-, deferential/self-humbling suffix). See the main entry for more.

Suffix

이 • (-i-)

1. Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of 으이 (-eu'i-, polite deferential suffix).

References

1. Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
2. 장윤희 (2006), “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 47