-어서
See also: 어서
Korean
Alternative forms
- 여서 (-yeoseo) – used after 하다 (hada) verbs and adjectives
Etymology
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어〮셔〮 (Yale: -é-syé), from Middle Korean 어〮 (Yale: -é, infinitive suffix) + 셔〮 (Yale: -syé, location postposition). The postposition is from the infinitive of the verb 이시다〮 (Yale: ìsìtá, “to be at”).
It was uncommon in the fifteenth century but increasingly became more widespread.[1]
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ʌ̹sʰʌ̹]
- Phonetic hangul: [어서]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | eoseo |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | eoseo |
| McCune–Reischauer? | ŏsŏ |
| Yale Romanization? | ese |
Suffix
| Yin-form | 어서 (-eoseo) |
|---|---|
| Yang-form | 아서 (-aseo) |
어서 • (-eoseo)
- so, since: a suffix used to express cause, reason.
- 미안, 아기가 시끄러워서 잘 안 들려...
- mian, agi-ga sikkeureowoseo jal an deullyeo...
- Sorry, my kid's being noisy so I can't hear you well.
- 많이 먹어서 배가 아파졌다.
- mani meokeoseo bae-ga apajeotda.
- I ate too much so I got a stomachache.
- and then: a suffix used to indicate that two or more connected actions happen in a sequential order; the first clause usually establishes the state, position, location, or the object of the second clause.
- 미연아, 누워서 밥을 먹지 마라!
- miyeon-a, nuwoseo bab-eul meokji mara!
- Miyeon, don't eat lying down!
- (literally, “Miyeon, don't lie down and then eat!”)
- 철수는 도서관에 가서 공부를 시작했어요.
- cheolsu-neun doseogwan-e gaseo gongbu-reul sijakhaesseoyo.
- Cheolsu went to the library and then started studying (at the library).
- 라면을 끓여서 먹었어.
- ramyeon-eul kkeuryeoseo meogeosseo.
- I made ramyeon and then ate it.
- 공원에서 친구를 만나서 영화를 보러 갔다.
- gong'won-eseo chin'gu-reul mannaseo yeonghwa-reul bo-reo gatda.
- I met up with my friend at the park and then went to watch a movie (with them).
Usage notes
- For vowel harmony, contractions, and allomorphy, see 아/어/여 (-a/eo/yeo).
- 어서 (-eoseo) cannot be used with the tense markers 겠 (-get-) and 었 (-eot-) in the standard language, but this is still found in colloquial speech.
- When in the sense of so, since, 어서 (-eoseo) cannot be followed by imperative or propositive clauses.
- The words 반갑다 (ban'gapda), 감사하다 (gamsahada), 고맙다 (gomapda), 좋다 (jota), 죄송하다 (joesonghada), and 미안하다 (mianhada) commonly follow the 어서 (-eoseo) clause.
Synonyms
- 거든 (-geodeun)
- 결과 (gyeolgwa)
- 고 (-go)
- 기에 (-gie)
- 길래 (-gillae)
- 끝 (kkeut)
- 느니만치 (-neunimanchi)
- 느니만큼 (-neunimankeum)
- 느라고 (-neurago)
- 는 바람에 (-neun barame)
- 더니 (-deoni)
- 덕분 (deokbun)
- 때문 (ttaemun)
- 만치 (manchi)
- 만큼 (mankeum)
- 말미암다 (malmiamda)
- 어 가지고 (-eo gajigo)
- 에 (-e)
- 으니까 (-eunikka)
- 으로 (-euro)
- 으매 (-eumae)
- 으므로 (-eumeuro)
- 은 나머지 (-eun nameoji)
- 을새 (-eulsae)
- 을세라 (-eulsera)
- 을 테니까 (-eul tenikka)
- 음으로써 (-eumeurosseo)
- 이상 (isang)
- 탓 (tat)
- 통에 (tong'e)
References
- 안주호 (2002), “[원인]을 나타내는 연결어미에 대한 통시적 고찰 — <노걸대언해>류를 중심으로 — [On the historical development of purposive connectives in Korean: Focusing on the Nogeoldae eonhae]”, in Eoneohak, volume 34, pages 133—158