많다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: mǎn-hòtá), equivalent to 만〯 (Yale: mǎn) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hòtá, > modern 하다 (hada)).
The first element is usually, though somewhat speculatively, connected to Sino-Korean 萬 (mǎn, “ten thousand; myriad; (figuratively) countless”).[1] Displaced native 하다〮 (Yale: hàtá, “to be many”).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈma̠(ː)ntʰa̠]
(file)
- Phonetic hangul: [만(ː)타]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | manta |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | manhda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | mant'a |
| Yale Romanization? | mānhta |
Adjective
많다 • (manta) (infinitive 많아, sequential 많으니)
- (to be) many, much, a lot, plentiful
- 돈이 많은 사람
- doni maneun saram
- someone who has a lot of money; a rich person (lit. "a person whose money is plentiful")
- 오늘 전시회 방문자가 많다.
- Oneul jeonsihoe bangmunja-ga manta.
- Today there are many visitors at the exhibition.
- 할 일이 너무 많다.
- Hal ir-i neomu manta.
- There is so much work to do.
- 나는 많은 노력을 기울였다.
- Naneun maneun noryeog-eul giuryeotda.
- I made a great effort.
- Antonym: 적다 (jeokda, “(to be) few”)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 많다 (manta): consonant-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 많다 manta | 많아 mana | 많아요 manayo | 많습니다 manseumnida |
| Past | 많았다 manatda | 많았어 manasseo | 많았어요 manasseoyo | 많았습니다 manatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 많으냐 maneunya | 많아 mana | 많아요 manayo | 많습니까 manseumnikka |
| Past | 많았냐 manannya | 많았어 manasseo | 많았어요 manasseoyo | 많았습니까 manatseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 많겠다 manketda | 많겠어 mankesseo | 많겠어요 mankesseoyo | 많겠습니다 manketseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 많아 mana | 많아서 manaseo | 많으니 maneuni | 많으니까 maneunikka | |
| Contrast | 많지만 manchiman | 많은데 maneunde | 많더니 manteoni | ||
| Conjunction | 많고 manko | ||||
| Condition | 많으면 maneumyeon | 많아야 manaya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 많음 maneum | 많기 manki | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 많았음 manasseum | 많았기 manatgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 많은 maneun | |||
| Future | 많을 maneul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 많으시다 maneusida | 많으셔 maneusyeo | 많으세요, 많으셔요 maneuseyo, maneusyeoyo | 많으십니다 maneusimnida |
| Past | 많으셨다 maneusyeotda | 많으셨어 maneusyeosseo | 많으셨어요 maneusyeosseoyo | 많으셨습니다 maneusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 많으시냐 maneusinya | 많으셔 maneusyeo | 많으세요, 많으셔요 maneuseyo, maneusyeoyo | 많으십니까 maneusimnikka |
| Past | 많으셨냐 maneusyeonnya | 많으셨어 maneusyeosseo | 많으셨어요 maneusyeosseoyo | 많으셨습니까 maneusyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 많으시겠다 maneusigetda | 많으시겠어 maneusigesseo | 많으시겠어요 maneusigesseoyo | 많으시겠습니다 maneusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 많으셔 maneusyeo | 많으셔서 maneusyeoseo | 많으시니 maneusini | 많으시니까 maneusinikka | |
| Contrast | 많으시지만 maneusijiman | 많으신데 maneusinde | 많으시더니 maneusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 많으시고 maneusigo | ||||
| Condition | 많으시면 maneusimyeon | 많으셔야 maneusyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 많으심 maneusim | 많으시기 maneusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 많으셨음 maneusyeosseum | 많으셨기 maneusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 많으신 maneusin | |||
| Future | 많으실 maneusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 많이 (mani) (adverb)
See also
- 多 (da)
References
- Samuel E. Martin (1992) A Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language, first edition, Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Co., Inc., →ISBN, page 686