-데

-데

See also: 데

Korean

Etymology

First appears in the late sixteenth century as 데 (Yale: -tey). Traditionally analyzed as a shortening of Middle Korean 더〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: -té-ngì-tá), from 더〮 (Yale: -té-, imperfective suffix) + ᅌᅵ (Yale: -ngì-, listener-honoring suffix) + 다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative suffix), with the last being fully deleted.

However, Jang Yun-hui suggests that it may be more appropriate to posit 이 (Yale: -i) as a colloquial Middle Korean verb-final suffix, in which case this is a simple compound of 더〮 (Yale: -té-, imperfective suffix) + 이 (Yale: -i).[1]

Suffix

데 • (-de)

1. Intimate-style equivalent form of 더라 (-deora).

   걔가 밥을 먹데.

   gyae-ga bab-eul meok-de.

   [I personally saw that] he was having a meal.

2. The intimate-style interrogative retrospective suffix. See 더 (-deo-) for usage notes.

   걔가 밥을 먹데?

   gyae-ga bab-eul meok-de?

   [Did you personally see that] he was having a meal?

Usage notes

• Koreans sometimes confuse this with homophonous 대 (-dae), which is used to mark reported speech:

  그렇데. ― geureot-de. ― [I personally saw that] it was like that.

  그렇대. ― geureot-dae. ― [According to what people say,] it was like that.

Related terms

from the same suffix or shortening process

• 네 (-ne)
• 으이 (-eu'i)

 

References

1. 장윤희 (1997), “중세국어 종결어미 '(으)이'의 분석과 그 문법사적 의의 [Analysis of the Middle Korean sentence ender (-u)i and its significance in grammatical history]”, in Gugeohak, volume 30