닫다
Korean
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ta̠t̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [닫따]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | datda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | dadda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | tatta |
| Yale Romanization? | tat.ta |
Etymology 1
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 닫다〮 (Yale: tàt-tá). Compare 다물다 (damulda, “to shut (one's mouth)”).
Verb
| Base | 닫다 (datda) |
|---|---|
| Passive | 닫히다 (dachida) |
닫다 • (datda) (infinitive 닫아, sequential 닫으니) (transitive)
- to close, to shut
- Antonym: 열다 (yeolda)
- (of business) to close, to close down, to shut down
- Antonym: 열다 (yeolda)
- 이 가게는 몇 시에 문을 닫아요? ― i gage-neun myeot si-e mun-eul dadayo? ― What time does this shop/store close?
- to shut (one's mouth)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 닫다 (datda): consonant-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 닫는다 danneunda | 닫아 dada | 닫아요 dadayo | 닫습니다 datseumnida |
| Past | 닫았다 dadatda | 닫았어 dadasseo | 닫았어요 dadasseoyo | 닫았습니다 dadatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 닫느냐 danneunya | 닫아 dada | 닫아요 dadayo | 닫습니까 datseumnikka |
| Past | 닫았느냐 dadanneunya | 닫았어 dadasseo | 닫았어요 dadasseoyo | 닫았습니까 dadatseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 닫자 datja | 닫아 dada | 닫아요 dadayo | 닫읍시다 dadeupsida | |
| Imperative | 닫아라 dadara | 닫아 dada | 닫아요 dadayo | 닫읍시오 dadeupsio | |
| Assertive | 닫겠다 datgetda | 닫겠어 datgesseo | 닫겠어요 datgesseoyo | 닫겠습니다 datgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 닫아 dada | 닫아서 dadaseo | 닫으니 dadeuni | 닫으니까 dadeunikka | |
| Contrast | 닫지만 datjiman | 닫는데 danneunde | 닫더니 datdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 닫고 datgo | ||||
| Condition | 닫으면 dadeumyeon | 닫아야 dadaya | |||
| Motive | 닫으려고 dadeuryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 닫음 dadeum | 닫기 datgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 닫았음 dadasseum | 닫았기 dadatgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 닫은 dadeun | |||
| Present | 닫는 danneun | ||||
| Future | 닫을 dadeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 닫으신다 dadeusinda | 닫으셔 dadeusyeo | 닫으세요, 닫으셔요 dadeuseyo, dadeusyeoyo | 닫으십니다 dadeusimnida |
| Past | 닫으셨다 dadeusyeotda | 닫으셨어 dadeusyeosseo | 닫으셨어요 dadeusyeosseoyo | 닫으셨습니다 dadeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 닫으시느냐 dadeusineunya | 닫으셔 dadeusyeo | 닫으세요, 닫으셔요 dadeuseyo, dadeusyeoyo | 닫으십니까 dadeusimnikka |
| Past | 닫으셨느냐 dadeusyeonneunya | 닫으셨어 dadeusyeosseo | 닫으셨어요 dadeusyeosseoyo | 닫으셨습니까 dadeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 닫으시라 dadeusira | 닫으셔 dadeusyeo | 닫으세요 dadeuseyo | 닫으십시오 dadeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 닫으시겠다 dadeusigetda | 닫으시겠어 dadeusigesseo | 닫으시겠어요 dadeusigesseoyo | 닫으시겠습니다 dadeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 닫으셔 dadeusyeo | 닫으셔서 dadeusyeoseo | 닫으시니 dadeusini | 닫으시니까 dadeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 닫으시지만 dadeusijiman | 닫으시는데 dadeusineunde | 닫으시더니 dadeusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 닫으시고 dadeusigo | ||||
| Condition | 닫으시면 dadeusimyeon | 닫으셔야 dadeusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 닫으시려고 dadeusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 닫으심 dadeusim | 닫으시기 dadeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 닫으셨음 dadeusyeosseum | 닫으셨기 dadeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 닫으신 dadeusin | |||
| Present | 닫으시는 dadeusineun | ||||
| Future | 닫으실 dadeusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 여닫다 (yeodatda)
- 처닫다 (cheodatda)
Etymology 2
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆮ다〮 (Yale: tòt-tá).
Miller (1996) argued that this was from Altaic *tär₂- (compare Old Turkic [script needed] (täz-), Chuvash тар (tar), Mongolian [script needed] (tergele-)). Starostin (2003, pg. 1466) connected this to Altaic *t`otá-, whence also Tungus-Manchu *tut[a]- ("to run") (whence Evenki tutu- ("to crawl away")) and Japanese 漂う (tadayou, “to float”). The very concept of Proto-Altaic is, however, controversial.
Verb
| Base | 닫다 (datda) |
|---|---|
| Causative | 달리다 (dallida) |
닫다 • (datda) (irregular, infinitive 달아, sequential 달으니)
- (transitive or intransitive) to run, to rush
- Synonym: 달리다 (dallida)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 닫다 (datda): consonant-stem, ㄷ(d)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 닫는다 danneunda | 달아 dara | 달아요 darayo | 닫습니다 datseumnida |
| Past | 달았다 daratda | 달았어 darasseo | 달았어요 darasseoyo | 달았습니다 daratseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 닫느냐 danneunya | 달아 dara | 달아요 darayo | 닫습니까 datseumnikka |
| Past | 달았느냐 daranneunya | 달았어 darasseo | 달았어요 darasseoyo | 달았습니까 daratseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 닫자 datja | 달아 dara | 달아요 darayo | 달읍시다 dareupsida | |
| Imperative | 달아라 darara | 달아 dara | 달아요 darayo | 달읍시오 dareupsio | |
| Assertive | 닫겠다 datgetda | 닫겠어 datgesseo | 닫겠어요 datgesseoyo | 닫겠습니다 datgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 달아 dara | 달아서 daraseo | 달으니 dareuni | 달으니까 dareunikka | |
| Contrast | 닫지만 datjiman | 닫는데 danneunde | 닫더니 datdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 닫고 datgo | ||||
| Condition | 달으면 dareumyeon | 달아야 daraya | |||
| Motive | 달으려고 dareuryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 달음 dareum | 닫기 datgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 달았음 darasseum | 달았기 daratgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 달은 dareun | |||
| Present | 닫는 danneun | ||||
| Future | 달을 dareul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 달으신다 dareusinda | 달으셔 dareusyeo | 달으세요, 달으셔요 dareuseyo, dareusyeoyo | 달으십니다 dareusimnida |
| Past | 달으셨다 dareusyeotda | 달으셨어 dareusyeosseo | 달으셨어요 dareusyeosseoyo | 달으셨습니다 dareusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 달으시느냐 dareusineunya | 달으셔 dareusyeo | 달으세요, 달으셔요 dareuseyo, dareusyeoyo | 달으십니까 dareusimnikka |
| Past | 달으셨느냐 dareusyeonneunya | 달으셨어 dareusyeosseo | 달으셨어요 dareusyeosseoyo | 달으셨습니까 dareusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 달으시라 dareusira | 달으셔 dareusyeo | 달으세요 dareuseyo | 달으십시오 dareusipsio | |
| Assertive | 달으시겠다 dareusigetda | 달으시겠어 dareusigesseo | 달으시겠어요 dareusigesseoyo | 달으시겠습니다 dareusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 달으셔 dareusyeo | 달으셔서 dareusyeoseo | 달으시니 dareusini | 달으시니까 dareusinikka | |
| Contrast | 달으시지만 dareusijiman | 달으시는데 dareusineunde | 달으시더니 dareusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 달으시고 dareusigo | ||||
| Condition | 달으시면 dareusimyeon | 달으셔야 dareusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 달으시려고 dareusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 달으심 dareusim | 달으시기 dareusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 달으셨음 dareusyeosseum | 달으셨기 dareusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 달으신 dareusin | |||
| Present | 달으시는 dareusineun | ||||
| Future | 달으실 dareusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 가로닫다 (garodatda)
- 내닫다 (naedatda)
- 내리닫다 (naeridatda)
- 뒤닫다 (dwidatda)
- 들이닫다 (deuridatda)
- 올리닫다 (ollidatda)
- 잇닫다 (itdatda)
- 치닫다 (chidatda)
References
- Miller, Roy Andrew. Languages and History: Japanese, Korean, and Altaic. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, 1996.