-는-
See also: 는 and -는
Korean
Alternative forms
- ㄴ (-n-) – see Usage notes
Etymology
From Middle Korean ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.[1][2]
The reduplicated form 는 (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [nɯn]
- Phonetic hangul: [는]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | neun |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | neun |
| McCune–Reischauer? | nŭn |
| Yale Romanization? | nun |
Suffix
는 • (-neun-)
- A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific 으시 (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.
- Coordinate terms: 었 (-eot-, past-tense), 겠 (-get-, future)
- 먹 (meok-) + 는 (-neun-) + 다 (-da) → 먹는다 (meongneunda, “one eats”)
- 먹 (meok-) + 는 (-neun-) + 구나 (-guna) → 먹는구나 (meongneun'guna, “one is eating!”)
- 있 (it-) + 는 (-neun-) + 다 (-da) → 있는다 (inneunda, “one stays”)
Usage notes
- This suffix causes stem-final ㄹ (l) to drop out.
- This suffix takes the short form ㄴ (-n-) after vowels and before the formal non-polite ending 다 (-da). In all other cases, the full form is used: 안다 (anda), not *아는다 (*aneunda), but 아는가 (aneun'ga), not *안가 (*an'ga).
Derived terms
- 는구나 (-neun'guna)
- 는다 (-neunda)
- 는다지 (-neundaji)
- 는단다 (-neundanda)
Related terms
- 는 (-neun, present-tense adnominal marker)
- 는가 (-neun'ga)
References
- 鄭在永 (1999), “선어말어미 '內', '飛'와 '臥'”, in 口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 21st conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 63—86
- 박진호 (2018), “선어말어미 ‘ᄂᆞ’와 ‘누’에 대한 문법사적 고찰: 차자표기 자료와의 관련성을 중심으로”, in 口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 54th conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 1—11