냉각하다
Korean
Etymology
냉각(冷却) (naenggak) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving active verbs).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈnɛ(ː)ŋɡa̠kʰa̠da̠] ~ [ˈne̞(ː)ŋɡa̠kʰa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [냉(ː)가카다/넹(ː)가카다]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | naenggakhada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | naenggaghada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | naenggakhada |
| Yale Romanization? | nāyngkak.hata |
| South Korean Standard Language | 냉각하다 (naenggakhada) |
|---|---|
| North Korean Standard Language | 랭각하다 (raenggakhada) |
Verb
냉각하다 • (naenggakhada) (infinitive 냉각해 or 냉각하여, sequential 냉각하니)
- (transitive) refrigerate, cool, cool down
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 냉각하다 (naenggakhada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 냉각한다 naenggakhanda | 냉각해 naenggakhae | 냉각해요 naenggakhaeyo | 냉각합니다 naenggakhamnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 냉각했다 naenggakhaetda | 냉각했어 naenggakhaesseo | 냉각했어요 naenggakhaesseoyo | 냉각했습니다 naenggakhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 냉각하느냐 naenggakhaneunya | 냉각해 naenggakhae | 냉각해요 naenggakhaeyo | 냉각합니까 naenggakhamnikka |
| Past | 냉각했느냐 naenggakhaenneunya | 냉각했어 naenggakhaesseo | 냉각했어요 naenggakhaesseoyo | 냉각했습니까 naenggakhaetseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 냉각하자 naenggakhaja | 냉각해 naenggakhae | 냉각해요 naenggakhaeyo | 냉각합시다 naenggakhapsida | |
| Imperative | 냉각해라, 냉각하여라 naenggakhaera, naenggakhayeora | 냉각해 naenggakhae | 냉각해요 naenggakhaeyo | 냉각합시오 naenggakhapsio | |
| Assertive | 냉각하겠다 naenggakhagetda | 냉각하겠어 naenggakhagesseo | 냉각하겠어요 naenggakhagesseoyo | 냉각하겠습니다 naenggakhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 냉각해 naenggakhae | 냉각해서, 냉각하여서 naenggakhaeseo, naenggakhayeoseo | 냉각하니 naenggakhani | 냉각하니까 naenggakhanikka | |
| Contrast | 냉각하지만 naenggakhajiman | 냉각하는데 naenggakhaneunde | 냉각하더니 naenggakhadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 냉각하고 naenggakhago | ||||
| Condition | 냉각하면 naenggakhamyeon | 냉각해야, 냉각하여야 naenggakhaeya, naenggakhayeoya | |||
| Motive | 냉각하려고 naenggakharyeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 냉각함 naenggakham | 냉각하기 naenggakhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 냉각했음, 냉각하였음 naenggakhaesseum, naenggakhayeosseum | 냉각했기, 냉각하였기 naenggakhaetgi, naenggakhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 냉각한 naenggakhan | |||
| Present | 냉각하는 naenggakhaneun | ||||
| Future | 냉각할 naenggakhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 냉각하신다 naenggakhasinda | 냉각하셔 naenggakhasyeo | 냉각하세요, 냉각하셔요 naenggakhaseyo, naenggakhasyeoyo | 냉각하십니다 naenggakhasimnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 냉각하셨다 naenggakhasyeotda | 냉각하셨어 naenggakhasyeosseo | 냉각하셨어요 naenggakhasyeosseoyo | 냉각하셨습니다 naenggakhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 냉각하시느냐 naenggakhasineunya | 냉각하셔 naenggakhasyeo | 냉각하세요, 냉각하셔요 naenggakhaseyo, naenggakhasyeoyo | 냉각하십니까 naenggakhasimnikka |
| Past | 냉각하셨느냐 naenggakhasyeonneunya | 냉각하셨어 naenggakhasyeosseo | 냉각하셨어요 naenggakhasyeosseoyo | 냉각하셨습니까 naenggakhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 냉각하시라 naenggakhasira | 냉각하셔 naenggakhasyeo | 냉각하세요 naenggakhaseyo | 냉각하십시오 naenggakhasipsio | |
| Assertive | 냉각하시겠다 naenggakhasigetda | 냉각하시겠어 naenggakhasigesseo | 냉각하시겠어요 naenggakhasigesseoyo | 냉각하시겠습니다 naenggakhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 냉각하셔 naenggakhasyeo | 냉각하셔서 naenggakhasyeoseo | 냉각하시니 naenggakhasini | 냉각하시니까 naenggakhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 냉각하시지만 naenggakhasijiman | 냉각하시는데 naenggakhasineunde | 냉각하시더니 naenggakhasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 냉각하시고 naenggakhasigo | ||||
| Condition | 냉각하시면 naenggakhasimyeon | 냉각하셔야 naenggakhasyeoya | |||
| Motive | 냉각하시려고 naenggakhasiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 냉각하심 naenggakhasim | 냉각하시기 naenggakhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 냉각하셨음 naenggakhasyeosseum | 냉각하셨기 naenggakhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 냉각하신 naenggakhasin | |||
| Present | 냉각하시는 naenggakhasineun | ||||
| Future | 냉각하실 naenggakhasil | ||||