끌다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 그ᅀᅳ다〮 (Yale: kùzù-tá), from pre-MK *kùsùk-, a form preserved in many dialects; compare Southwestern Korean 끄슥다 (kkeuseukda), Southeastern Korean 끄시다 (kkeusida), Yukjin Korean 끄스다 (kkeuseuda).
The modern Standard Korean form is highly irregular, involving not only spontaneous initial tensing (a common if irregular process in Korean) but an inexplicable addition of /l/; the expected reflex is *그다 (*geuda) or *끄다 (*kkeuda). The same irregular shift occurred somewhat earlier in 이끌다 (ikkeulda, “to lead”), which probably affected this verb's development.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈk͈ɯ(ː)ɭda̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [끌(ː)다]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | kkeulda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | kkeulda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kkŭlda |
| Yale Romanization? | kkūlta |
Verb
| Base | 끌다 (kkeulda) |
|---|---|
| Causative | 끌리다 (kkeullida) |
| Passive | 끌리다 (kkeullida) |
끌다 • (kkeulda) (infinitive 끌어, sequential 끄니) (transitive)
- to pull, to draw, to drag
- 의자를 끌다 ― uija-reul kkeulda ― to drag a chair
- 수레를 끌다 ― sure-reul kkeulda ― to pull a wagon
- 저수지 물을 끌어오다 ― jeosuji mur-eul kkeureooda ― to draw water from a reservoir
- 자전거를 끌다 ― jajeon'geo-reul kkeulda ― to drag a bicycle
- (of people, animals) to lead, to drag
- 애들을 끌고 병원에 가다 ― ae-deur-eul kkeulgo byeong'won-e gada ― to drag the kids to the hospital
- (with no object) to drag on
- 영화가 질질 끈다 ― yeonghwa-ga jiljil kkeunda ― the movie drags on tediously
- to stall, to delay
- 시간을 끌다 ― sigan-eul kkeulda ― to stall for time
- (figurative) to draw, to attract
- 관광객을 끌다 ― gwan'gwanggaeg-eul kkeulda ― to draw tourists
- 관심을 끌다 ― gwansim-eul kkeulda ― to draw attention
- (figurative) to draw (inspiration, sourcing, etc., from)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 끌다 (kkeulda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 끈다 kkeunda | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕니다 kkeumnida |
| Past | 끌었다 kkeureotda | 끌었어 kkeureosseo | 끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo | 끌었습니다 kkeureotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 끄느냐 kkeuneunya | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕니까 kkeumnikka |
| Past | 끌었느냐 kkeureonneunya | 끌었어 kkeureosseo | 끌었어요 kkeureosseoyo | 끌었습니까 kkeureotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 끌자 kkeulja | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕시다 kkeupsida | |
| Imperative | 끌어라 kkeureora | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어요 kkeureoyo | 끕시오 kkeupsio | |
| Assertive | 끌겠다 kkeulgetda | 끌겠어 kkeulgesseo | 끌겠어요 kkeulgesseoyo | 끌겠습니다 kkeulgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 끌어 kkeureo | 끌어서 kkeureoseo | 끄니 kkeuni | 끄니까 kkeunikka | |
| Contrast | 끌지만 kkeuljiman | 끄는데 kkeuneunde | 끌더니 kkeuldeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 끌고 kkeulgo | ||||
| Condition | 끌면 kkeulmyeon | 끌어야 kkeureoya | |||
| Motive | 끌려고 kkeullyeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 끎 kkeum | 끌기 kkeulgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 끌었음 kkeureosseum | 끌었기 kkeureotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 끈 kkeun | |||
| Present | 끄는 kkeuneun | ||||
| Future | 끌 kkeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 끄신다 kkeusinda | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo | 끄십니다 kkeusimnida |
| Past | 끄셨다 kkeusyeotda | 끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo | 끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo | 끄셨습니다 kkeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 끄시느냐 kkeusineunya | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요, 끄셔요 kkeuseyo, kkeusyeoyo | 끄십니까 kkeusimnikka |
| Past | 끄셨느냐 kkeusyeonneunya | 끄셨어 kkeusyeosseo | 끄셨어요 kkeusyeosseoyo | 끄셨습니까 kkeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 끄시라 kkeusira | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄세요 kkeuseyo | 끄십시오 kkeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 끄시겠다 kkeusigetda | 끄시겠어 kkeusigesseo | 끄시겠어요 kkeusigesseoyo | 끄시겠습니다 kkeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 끄셔 kkeusyeo | 끄셔서 kkeusyeoseo | 끄시니 kkeusini | 끄시니까 kkeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 끄시지만 kkeusijiman | 끄시는데 kkeusineunde | 끄시더니 kkeusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 끄시고 kkeusigo | ||||
| Condition | 끄시면 kkeusimyeon | 끄셔야 kkeusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 끄시려고 kkeusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 끄심 kkeusim | 끄시기 kkeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 끄셨음 kkeusyeosseum | 끄셨기 kkeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 끄신 kkeusin | |||
| Present | 끄시는 kkeusineun | ||||
| Future | 끄실 kkeusil | ||||