꼬다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄭᅩ〮다〮 (Yale: skwó-tá).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈk͈o̞(ː)da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [꼬(ː)다]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | kkoda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | kkoda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kkoda |
| Yale Romanization? | kkōta |
Verb
| Base | 꼬다 (kkoda) |
|---|---|
| Passive | 꼬이다 (kkoida) |
꼬다 • (kkoda) (infinitive 꽈 or 꼬아, sequential 꼬니) (transitive)
- to twist, to lay (a rope, string, etc.)
- to twist, to squirm, to writhe (one's body); to cross (one's legs)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 꼬다 (kkoda): vowel-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 꼰다 kkonda | 꽈 kkwa | 꽈요, 꼬아요 kkwayo, kkoayo | 꼽니다 kkomnida |
| Past | 꽜다 kkwatda | 꽜어 kkwasseo | 꽜어요 kkwasseoyo | 꽜습니다 kkwatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 꼬느냐 kkoneunya | 꽈 kkwa | 꽈요, 꼬아요 kkwayo, kkoayo | 꼽니까 kkomnikka |
| Past | 꽜느냐 kkwanneunya | 꽜어 kkwasseo | 꽜어요 kkwasseoyo | 꽜습니까 kkwatseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 꼬자 kkoja | 꽈 kkwa | 꽈요, 꼬아요 kkwayo, kkoayo | 꼽시다 kkopsida | |
| Imperative | 꽈라, 꼬아라 kkwara, kkoara | 꽈 kkwa | 꽈요, 꼬아요 kkwayo, kkoayo | 꼽시오 kkopsio | |
| Assertive | 꼬겠다 kkogetda | 꼬겠어 kkogesseo | 꼬겠어요 kkogesseoyo | 꼬겠습니다 kkogetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 꽈 kkwa | 꽈서, 꼬아서 kkwaseo, kkoaseo | 꼬니 kkoni | 꼬니까 kkonikka | |
| Contrast | 꼬지만 kkojiman | 꼬는데 kkoneunde | 꼬더니 kkodeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 꼬고 kkogo | ||||
| Condition | 꼬면 kkomyeon | 꽈야, 꼬아야 kkwaya, kkoaya | |||
| Motive | 꼬려고 kkoryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 꼼 kkom | 꼬기 kkogi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 꽜음, 꼬았음 kkwasseum, kkoasseum | 꽜기, 꼬았기 kkwatgi, kkoatgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 꼰 kkon | |||
| Present | 꼬는 kkoneun | ||||
| Future | 꼴 kkol | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 꼬신다 kkosinda | 꼬셔 kkosyeo | 꼬세요, 꼬셔요 kkoseyo, kkosyeoyo | 꼬십니다 kkosimnida |
| Past | 꼬셨다 kkosyeotda | 꼬셨어 kkosyeosseo | 꼬셨어요 kkosyeosseoyo | 꼬셨습니다 kkosyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 꼬시느냐 kkosineunya | 꼬셔 kkosyeo | 꼬세요, 꼬셔요 kkoseyo, kkosyeoyo | 꼬십니까 kkosimnikka |
| Past | 꼬셨느냐 kkosyeonneunya | 꼬셨어 kkosyeosseo | 꼬셨어요 kkosyeosseoyo | 꼬셨습니까 kkosyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 꼬시라 kkosira | 꼬셔 kkosyeo | 꼬세요 kkoseyo | 꼬십시오 kkosipsio | |
| Assertive | 꼬시겠다 kkosigetda | 꼬시겠어 kkosigesseo | 꼬시겠어요 kkosigesseoyo | 꼬시겠습니다 kkosigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 꼬셔 kkosyeo | 꼬셔서 kkosyeoseo | 꼬시니 kkosini | 꼬시니까 kkosinikka | |
| Contrast | 꼬시지만 kkosijiman | 꼬시는데 kkosineunde | 꼬시더니 kkosideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 꼬시고 kkosigo | ||||
| Condition | 꼬시면 kkosimyeon | 꼬셔야 kkosyeoya | |||
| Motive | 꼬시려고 kkosiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 꼬심 kkosim | 꼬시기 kkosigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 꼬셨음 kkosyeosseum | 꼬셨기 kkosyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 꼬신 kkosin | |||
| Present | 꼬시는 kkosineun | ||||
| Future | 꼬실 kkosil | ||||