깜찍하다
Korean
Etymology
See etymology at ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ for the first element. —하다 (hada) is a regular adjective-deriving suffix.
As late as the late nineteenth century, 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada, “to be adorable”) was synonymous with 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada, “to be atrocious”). The former underwent a semantic shift in the early twentieth century, aided by the nuances associated with its yang vowel.
Adjective
깜찍하다 • (kkamjjikhada) (infinitive 깜찍해 or 깜찍하여, sequential 깜찍하니)
- to be adorably cute
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada)
| Stems | |
|---|---|
| Stem 1 | 깜찍하 (kkamjjikha) |
| Stem 2 | 깜찍해 (kkamjjikhae) |
| Stem 2a | 깜찍하여 (kkamjjikhayeo) |
| Stem 3 | 깜찍하 (kkamjjikha) |
| Conjugation type | Vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular |
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 깜찍하다 kkamjjikhada | 깜찍해 kkamjjikhae | 깜찍해요 kkamjjikhaeyo | 깜찍합니다 kkamjjikhamnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 깜찍했다 kkamjjikhaetda | 깜찍했어 kkamjjikhaesseo | 깜찍했어요 kkamjjikhaesseoyo | 깜찍했습니다 kkamjjikhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 깜찍하냐 kkamjjikhanya | 깜찍해 kkamjjikhae | 깜찍해요 kkamjjikhaeyo | 깜찍합니까 kkamjjikhamnikka |
| Past | 깜찍했냐 kkamjjikhaennya | 깜찍했어 kkamjjikhaesseo | 깜찍했어요 kkamjjikhaesseoyo | 깜찍했습니까 kkamjjikhaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 깜찍하겠다 kkamjjikhagetda | 깜찍하겠어 kkamjjikhagesseo | 깜찍하겠어요 kkamjjikhagesseoyo | 깜찍하겠습니다 kkamjjikhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 깜찍해 kkamjjikhae | 깜찍해서, 깜찍하여서 kkamjjikhaeseo, kkamjjikhayeoseo | 깜찍하니 kkamjjikhani | 깜찍하니까 kkamjjikhanikka | |
| Contrast | 깜찍하지만 kkamjjikhajiman | 깜찍한데 kkamjjikhande | 깜찍하더니 kkamjjikhadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 깜찍하고 kkamjjikhago | ||||
| Condition | 깜찍하면 kkamjjikhamyeon | 깜찍해야, 깜찍하여야 kkamjjikhaeya, kkamjjikhayeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 깜찍함 kkamjjikham | 깜찍하기 kkamjjikhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 깜찍했음, 깜찍하였음 kkamjjikhaesseum, kkamjjikhayeosseum | 깜찍했기, 깜찍하였기 kkamjjikhaetgi, kkamjjikhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 깜찍한 kkamjjikhan | |||
| Future | 깜찍할 kkamjjikhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 깜찍하시다 kkamjjikhasida | 깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo | 깜찍하세요, 깜찍하셔요 kkamjjikhaseyo, kkamjjikhasyeoyo | 깜찍하십니다 kkamjjikhasimnida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | 깜찍하셨다 kkamjjikhasyeotda | 깜찍하셨어 kkamjjikhasyeosseo | 깜찍하셨어요 kkamjjikhasyeosseoyo | 깜찍하셨습니다 kkamjjikhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 깜찍하시냐 kkamjjikhasinya | 깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo | 깜찍하세요, 깜찍하셔요 kkamjjikhaseyo, kkamjjikhasyeoyo | 깜찍하십니까 kkamjjikhasimnikka |
| Past | 깜찍하셨냐 kkamjjikhasyeonnya | 깜찍하셨어 kkamjjikhasyeosseo | 깜찍하셨어요 kkamjjikhasyeosseoyo | 깜찍하셨습니까 kkamjjikhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 깜찍하시겠다 kkamjjikhasigetda | 깜찍하시겠어 kkamjjikhasigesseo | 깜찍하시겠어요 kkamjjikhasigesseoyo | 깜찍하시겠습니다 kkamjjikhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 깜찍하셔 kkamjjikhasyeo | 깜찍하셔서 kkamjjikhasyeoseo | 깜찍하시니 kkamjjikhasini | 깜찍하시니까 kkamjjikhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 깜찍하시지만 kkamjjikhasijiman | 깜찍하신데 kkamjjikhasinde | 깜찍하시더니 kkamjjikhasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 깜찍하시고 kkamjjikhasigo | ||||
| Condition | 깜찍하시면 kkamjjikhasimyeon | 깜찍하셔야 kkamjjikhasyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 깜찍하심 kkamjjikhasim | 깜찍하시기 kkamjjikhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 깜찍하셨음 kkamjjikhasyeosseum | 깜찍하셨기 kkamjjikhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 깜찍하신 kkamjjikhasin | |||
| Future | 깜찍하실 kkamjjikhasil | ||||
Related terms
| Sound-symbolic terms related to 감다 (gamda, “to close one's eyes”) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 깜작 (kkamjak) 깜작깜작 (kkamjakkkamjak) | 깜짝 (kkamjjak) 깜짝깜짝 (kkamjjakkkamjjak) | 끔적 (kkeumjeok) 끔적끔적 (kkeumjeokkkeumjeok) | 끔쩍 (kkeumjjeok) 끔쩍끔쩍 (kkeumjjeokkkeumjjeok) | ||||
| 깜박 (kkambak) 깜박깜박 (kkambakkkambak) | 깜빡 (kkamppak) 깜빡깜빡 (kkamppakkkamppak) | 껌벅 (kkeombeok) 껌벅껌벅 (kkeombeokkkeombeok) | 껌뻑 (kkeomppeok) 껌뻑껌뻑 (kkeomppeokkkeomppeok) | ||||
| 끔벅 (kkeumbeok) 끔벅끔벅 (kkeumbeokkkeumbeok) | 끔뻑 (kkeumppeok) 끔뻑끔뻑 (kkeumppeokkkeumppeok) | ||||||
| 깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada) | 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada) 끔찍끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikkkeumjjikhada) | ||||||
| 곰작 (gomjak) 곰작곰작 (gomjakgomjak) | 꼼작 (kkomjak) 꼼작꼼작 (kkomjakkkomjak) | 꼼짝 (kkomjjak) 꼼짝꼼짝 (kkomjjakkkomjjak) | 굼적 (gumjeok) 굼적굼적 (gumjeokgumjeok) | 꿈적 (kkumjeok) 꿈적꿈적 (kkumjeokkkumjeok) | 꿈쩍 (kkumjjeok) 꿈쩍꿈쩍 (kkumjjeokkkumjjeok) | ||
Usage notes
깜찍하다 (kkamjjikhada) is the yang vowel, or bright vowel, form of 끔찍하다 (kkeumjjikhada).
In contemporary Korean, the yang vowels refer to /a/, /ɛ/, and /o/. In Korean ideophones and sensory words, forms with these vowels have a connotation of brightness, smallness, clearness, sharpness, youth, or positiveness.
References
- 고은숙 (Go Eun-suk) (2010) , “'ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ'류 용언의 파생 및 의미 분화 양상 고찰 [Study on the derivation and semantic diversification of the komcok-type forms]”, in Hangugeo Munhak Yeon'gu, volume 54, pages 209–254