교교하다
Korean
Etymology
교교(皎皎) (gyogyo, “clear, white, pure”, Sino-Korean root) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈkjo(ː)ɡjoɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [교(ː)교하다]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gyogyohada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gyogyohada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kyogyohada |
| Yale Romanization? | kyōkyohata |
Adjective
교교하다 • (gyogyohada) (infinitive 교교해 or 교교하여, sequential 교교하니, hanja 皎皎하다)
- (literary) to be beautifully white and clear (especially of the Moon)
- 명월은 교교한데 추풍은 소슬하다.
- myeong'wor-eun gyogyohande chupung-eun soseulhada.
- The bright Moon is pure and clear, but the autumn winds are desolate.
- (literary) to be very quiet
- 2007, Han Kang, 채식주의자 [The Vegetarian], 22nd edition, Paju, Republic of Korea: Changbi, published 2016, →ISBN, page 75:
- 무엇보다 아내가 돌아오기까지 교교한 집에 있고 싶지 않았고, 필경 어두울 아내의 얼굴을 마주 대하고 싶지 않았다.
- mueot-boda anae-ga doraogi-kkaji gyogyohan jib-e itgo sipji anatgo, pilgyeong eoduul anae-ui eolgur-eul maju daehago sipji anatda.
- Above all else, I did not want to stay in the silent house until my wife returned, and I did not want to face her undoubtedly dark expression.
-
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 교교하다 (gyogyohada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 교교하다 gyogyohada | 교교해 gyogyohae | 교교해요 gyogyohaeyo | 교교합니다 gyogyohamnida |
| Past | 교교했다 gyogyohaetda | 교교했어 gyogyohaesseo | 교교했어요 gyogyohaesseoyo | 교교했습니다 gyogyohaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 교교하냐 gyogyohanya | 교교해 gyogyohae | 교교해요 gyogyohaeyo | 교교합니까 gyogyohamnikka |
| Past | 교교했냐 gyogyohaennya | 교교했어 gyogyohaesseo | 교교했어요 gyogyohaesseoyo | 교교했습니까 gyogyohaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 교교하겠다 gyogyohagetda | 교교하겠어 gyogyohagesseo | 교교하겠어요 gyogyohagesseoyo | 교교하겠습니다 gyogyohagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 교교해 gyogyohae | 교교해서, 교교하여서 gyogyohaeseo, gyogyohayeoseo | 교교하니 gyogyohani | 교교하니까 gyogyohanikka | |
| Contrast | 교교하지만 gyogyohajiman | 교교한데 gyogyohande | 교교하더니 gyogyohadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 교교하고 gyogyohago | ||||
| Condition | 교교하면 gyogyohamyeon | 교교해야, 교교하여야 gyogyohaeya, gyogyohayeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 교교함 gyogyoham | 교교하기 gyogyohagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 교교했음, 교교하였음 gyogyohaesseum, gyogyohayeosseum | 교교했기, 교교하였기 gyogyohaetgi, gyogyohayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 교교한 gyogyohan | |||
| Future | 교교할 gyogyohal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 교교하시다 gyogyohasida | 교교하셔 gyogyohasyeo | 교교하세요, 교교하셔요 gyogyohaseyo, gyogyohasyeoyo | 교교하십니다 gyogyohasimnida |
| Past | 교교하셨다 gyogyohasyeotda | 교교하셨어 gyogyohasyeosseo | 교교하셨어요 gyogyohasyeosseoyo | 교교하셨습니다 gyogyohasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 교교하시냐 gyogyohasinya | 교교하셔 gyogyohasyeo | 교교하세요, 교교하셔요 gyogyohaseyo, gyogyohasyeoyo | 교교하십니까 gyogyohasimnikka |
| Past | 교교하셨냐 gyogyohasyeonnya | 교교하셨어 gyogyohasyeosseo | 교교하셨어요 gyogyohasyeosseoyo | 교교하셨습니까 gyogyohasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 교교하시겠다 gyogyohasigetda | 교교하시겠어 gyogyohasigesseo | 교교하시겠어요 gyogyohasigesseoyo | 교교하시겠습니다 gyogyohasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 교교하셔 gyogyohasyeo | 교교하셔서 gyogyohasyeoseo | 교교하시니 gyogyohasini | 교교하시니까 gyogyohasinikka | |
| Contrast | 교교하시지만 gyogyohasijiman | 교교하신데 gyogyohasinde | 교교하시더니 gyogyohasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 교교하시고 gyogyohasigo | ||||
| Condition | 교교하시면 gyogyohasimyeon | 교교하셔야 gyogyohasyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 교교하심 gyogyohasim | 교교하시기 gyogyohasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 교교하셨음 gyogyohasyeosseum | 교교하셨기 gyogyohasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 교교하신 gyogyohasin | |||
| Future | 교교하실 gyogyohasil | ||||