곱다
Korean
Etymology 1
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱〯다〮 (Yale: kwǒptá).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈko̞(ː)p̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [곱(ː)따]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gopda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gobda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kopta |
| Yale Romanization? | kōpta |
Adjective
곱다 • (gopda) (irregular, infinitive 고와, sequential 고우니)
- (literary, dated for a person) beautiful, pretty, lovely, nice
- 고운 아가씨
- goun agassi
- a fair lady
- 고운 노랫가락
- goun noraetgarak
- beautiful tunes of music
- (literary) to be soft to the touch
- 고운 손결
- goun son'gyeol
- the soft touch of her hand
- (literary) to be innocently kind-hearted
- 고운 마음씨
- goun ma'eumssi
- a kind heart
- to be sheltered (chiefly adverbial)
- 너무 곱게 자라서 요리도 못해.
- Neomu gopge jaraseo yori-do mothae.
- He grew up too sheltered, so he can't even cook.
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, ㅂ(b)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 곱다 gopda | 고와 gowa | 고와요 gowayo | 곱습니다 gopseumnida |
| Past | 고왔다 gowatda | 고왔어 gowasseo | 고왔어요 gowasseoyo | 고왔습니다 gowatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 고우냐 gounya | 고와 gowa | 고와요 gowayo | 곱습니까 gopseumnikka |
| Past | 고왔냐 gowannya | 고왔어 gowasseo | 고왔어요 gowasseoyo | 고왔습니까 gowatseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 곱겠다 gopgetda | 곱겠어 gopgesseo | 곱겠어요 gopgesseoyo | 곱겠습니다 gopgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 고와 gowa | 고와서 gowaseo | 고우니 gouni | 고우니까 gounikka | |
| Contrast | 곱지만 gopjiman | 고운데 gounde | 곱더니 gopdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 곱고 gopgo | ||||
| Condition | 고우면 goumyeon | 고와야 gowaya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 고움 goum | 곱기 gopgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 고왔음 gowasseum | 고왔기 gowatgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 고운 goun | |||
| Future | 고울 goul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 고우시다 gousida | 고우셔 gousyeo | 고우세요, 고우셔요 gouseyo, gousyeoyo | 고우십니다 gousimnida |
| Past | 고우셨다 gousyeotda | 고우셨어 gousyeosseo | 고우셨어요 gousyeosseoyo | 고우셨습니다 gousyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 고우시냐 gousinya | 고우셔 gousyeo | 고우세요, 고우셔요 gouseyo, gousyeoyo | 고우십니까 gousimnikka |
| Past | 고우셨냐 gousyeonnya | 고우셨어 gousyeosseo | 고우셨어요 gousyeosseoyo | 고우셨습니까 gousyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 고우시겠다 gousigetda | 고우시겠어 gousigesseo | 고우시겠어요 gousigesseoyo | 고우시겠습니다 gousigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 고우셔 gousyeo | 고우셔서 gousyeoseo | 고우시니 gousini | 고우시니까 gousinikka | |
| Contrast | 고우시지만 gousijiman | 고우신데 gousinde | 고우시더니 gousideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 고우시고 gousigo | ||||
| Condition | 고우시면 gousimyeon | 고우셔야 gousyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 고우심 gousim | 고우시기 gousigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 고우셨음 gousyeosseum | 고우셨기 gousyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 고우신 gousin | |||
| Future | 고우실 gousil | ||||
Etymology 2
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱다〮 (Yale: kwòptá).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞p̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [곱따]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gopda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gobda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kopta |
| Yale Romanization? | kopta |
Adjective
곱다 • (gopda) (infinitive 곱아, sequential 곱으니)
- to be crooked, be hunched, be curved
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 곱다 gopda | 곱아 goba | 곱아요 gobayo | 곱습니다 gopseumnida |
| Past | 곱았다 gobatda | 곱았어 gobasseo | 곱았어요 gobasseoyo | 곱았습니다 gobatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 곱으냐 gobeunya | 곱아 goba | 곱아요 gobayo | 곱습니까 gopseumnikka |
| Past | 곱았냐 gobannya | 곱았어 gobasseo | 곱았어요 gobasseoyo | 곱았습니까 gobatseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 곱겠다 gopgetda | 곱겠어 gopgesseo | 곱겠어요 gopgesseoyo | 곱겠습니다 gopgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 곱아 goba | 곱아서 gobaseo | 곱으니 gobeuni | 곱으니까 gobeunikka | |
| Contrast | 곱지만 gopjiman | 곱은데 gobeunde | 곱더니 gopdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 곱고 gopgo | ||||
| Condition | 곱으면 gobeumyeon | 곱아야 gobaya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 곱음 gobeum | 곱기 gopgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 곱았음 gobasseum | 곱았기 gobatgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 곱은 gobeun | |||
| Future | 곱을 gobeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 곱으시다 gobeusida | 곱으셔 gobeusyeo | 곱으세요, 곱으셔요 gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo | 곱으십니다 gobeusimnida |
| Past | 곱으셨다 gobeusyeotda | 곱으셨어 gobeusyeosseo | 곱으셨어요 gobeusyeosseoyo | 곱으셨습니다 gobeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 곱으시냐 gobeusinya | 곱으셔 gobeusyeo | 곱으세요, 곱으셔요 gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo | 곱으십니까 gobeusimnikka |
| Past | 곱으셨냐 gobeusyeonnya | 곱으셨어 gobeusyeosseo | 곱으셨어요 gobeusyeosseoyo | 곱으셨습니까 gobeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 곱으시겠다 gobeusigetda | 곱으시겠어 gobeusigesseo | 곱으시겠어요 gobeusigesseoyo | 곱으시겠습니다 gobeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 곱으셔 gobeusyeo | 곱으셔서 gobeusyeoseo | 곱으시니 gobeusini | 곱으시니까 gobeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 곱으시지만 gobeusijiman | 곱으신데 gobeusinde | 곱으시더니 gobeusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 곱으시고 gobeusigo | ||||
| Condition | 곱으시면 gobeusimyeon | 곱으셔야 gobeusyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 곱으심 gobeusim | 곱으시기 gobeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 곱으셨음 gobeusyeosseum | 곱으셨기 gobeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 곱으신 gobeusin | |||
| Future | 곱으실 gobeusil | ||||
References
- National Institute of the Korean Language (Naver.com mirror) (accessed 2007-05-27), “곱다”, in 표준국어대사전