계우다

Middle Korean

Alternative forms

계오다 (kyeyGwota)

Etymology

Has the shape of *계다 (*kyey-ta, unknown intransitive verb) + 우 (-Gwu-, causative suffix), but no such relevant verb is attested. The only known verb in Middle Korean with the form 계다 (kyeyta) means "to pass (of time)", which is unlikely to be related.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kjəj˨.ɣu˦.ta˦/

Verb

계우〮다〮 (kyèyGwútá)

(transitive) to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome
- 1459, Worin seokbo 月印釋譜 / 월인석보, page 1:42b:
  그 제ᅀᅡ〮 ᄒᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ〮리〮 처〮ᅀᅥᆷ 나니〮라〮 그 後(후〯)에〮ᅀᅡ〮 외〯니〮 올〮ᄒᆞ니〮 이긔〮니〮 계우〮니〮 홀〮 이〯리〮 나니〮라〮
  kù cèy-zá hóy tól-í chézèm nànílá, kù HWǓ-éy-zá wǒyní wól-hòní ìkúyní kyèyGwúní hwól ǐl-í nànílá
  It was only then that the sun and the moon first came into being. It was only after that that there came to be things of right and wrong, of winning and of losing.
- 1459, “月印千江之曲其三百六十九 / 월인천강지곡 기369”, in Worin seokbo 月印釋譜 / 월인석보:
  波(바)羅(라)門(문)이〮 제 가ᄉᆞᆯ〮 계와〮 太(태)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅅ긔〮 나ᅀᅡ〮 오〮ᅀᆞ〮ᄫᆞ니〮
  PA.LA.MUN-í cèy kàs-ól kyèyGwoá THAY.CO-skúy nàzá wózóWòní
  The brahman could not prevail over his wife, and came before the prince [as his wife had told him to].
- 1490, “原桂陷陳 / 원계함진”, in Samgang haengsildo eonhaebon 三綱行實圖諺解本 / 삼강행실도언해 [Korean Translation of the Illustrated Guide to the Three Bonds]:
  예〯ᄃᆞᆯ히〮 싸홈〮 계워〮 ᄧᅩ쳐〮 가〮거늘〮 너무 ᄧᅩ차〮 드〮러〮 주그〮니라〮
  Yĕy-tòlh-í ssàhwóm kyèyGwué pcwòchyé kákènúl nèmwù pcwòchá túlé cwùkúnìlá
  The Japanese were defeated in the fight and were chased away; but he [the Korean general] went too far while chasing them, and died [at the hands of the Japanese].
Antonym: 이긔〮다〮 (ìkúytá, “to win, to defeat”)

Conjugation

Accentual class LH stem
Declarative	Connective	Infinitive	Conditional
계우〮다〮 (kyèyGwútá)	계우〮고〮 (kyèyGwúkwó)	계워〮 (kyèyGwué)	계우〮면〮 (kyèyGwúmyén)

Descendants

Korean: 겹다 (gyeopda, “to be overcome by; to be excessive”) (irregular sound shifts and inheritance)