가다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 가다〮 (Yale: kàtá).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠da̠]
(file)
- Phonetic hangul: [가다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kada |
| Yale Romanization? | kata |
Verb
가다 • (gada) (infinitive 가, sequential 가니) (more often intransitive, see Usage notes)
- to go
- 가자! ― gaja! ― Let's go!
Audio (South Korea) (file)
- 서울에 가요. ― Seour-e gayo. ― I'm going to Seoul.
Audio (South Korea) (file)
- 대화가 산으로 간다.
- daehwa-ga saneuro ganda.
- The conversation is going nowhere.
- (literally, “The conversation is going to the mountains.”)
- 그들은 개관식에 참석하러 베이징으로 갔다. (formal)
- geudeur-eun gaegwansig-e chamseokhareo Beijing-euro gatda.
- They went to Beijing for the opening.
Audio (South Korea) (file)
- Synonym: 예다 (yeda, archaic)
- Antonym: 오다 (oda, “to come”)
- 가자! ― gaja! ― Let's go!
- (auxiliary, with 어) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.
- 다 먹어간다. ― da meogeoganda. ― I've almost finished my food.
- 땅거미가 찾아오고 석양은 또 저물어 간다.
- ttanggeomi-ga chajaogo seogyang-eun tto jeomureo ganda.
- Dusk has found its way, and the evening sun is setting again [and will continue to do so].
- Antonym: 오다 (oda, continuous action from the past or towards the speaker)
- (of cracks and wrinkles) to appear
- 금이 간 유리 ― geum-i gan yuri ― glass that has cracked
- (of time) to pass
- 올해도 또 다 갔다. ― olhae-do tto da gatda. ― This year has all but passed away, too.
- Synonyms: 흐르다 (heureuda), 지나다 (jinada)
- (specifically transitive) to last
- 사흘도 못 간 결심
- saheul-do mot gan gyeolsim
- a determination that did not last even three days
- (colloquial) to be knocked out (e.g. by a blow, by alcohol, etc.)
- (vulgar) to orgasm
- Used as the verbal element for nouns related to understanding or interest.
- 짐작이 가. ― jimjag-i ga. ― I can conjecture.
- 관심이 가. ― gwansim-i ga. ― I'm interested in it.
- 인정은 못하겠는데 이해는 가.
- injeong-eun mothagenneunde ihae-neun ga.
- I might not be able to accept it, but I understand.
- (euphemistic but not honorific) to pass away
Usage notes
- Transitivity: Korean verbs of movement are variably intransitive and transitive:
- If the destination of the movement is not a space or only a small one, it is intransitive: 나무에 가다 (namu-e gada, “to go to a tree”), 내 방에 가다 (nae bang-e gada, “to go to my room”).
- If the destination of the movement is an extended space into which one enters, it can be both transitive and intransitive with no significant change in meaning: 중국으로 가다 (Junggug-euro gada, “to go to China”), 중국을 가다 (Junggug-eul gada, “to go to China”). But intransitive use is rather more common, and transitive use may be understood as emphatic.
- If the object is a path that one goes on, it is transitive: 길을 가다 (gir-eul gada, “to go on a road”), 인도를 가다 (indo-reul gada, “to go on the pavement”).
- With the exception of "to last", which is always transitive, the various extended senses are intransitive.
- Conjugation: This verb has two forms for the plain-style 해라체 (haerache) imperative. The blunt form is regular: 가라 (gara, “Go!”). The less blunt form is irregular: 가거라 (gageora, “Go (well)!”). Other verbs with the irregular non-blunt form include 일어나다 (ireonada, “to get up”), 자라다 (jarada, “to grow”), 자다 (jada, “to sleep”), and compound verbs ending in this verb. Historically, this reflects the perseverance of the Middle Korean suffix 거 (Yale: -ke-).
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 가다 (gada): vowel-stem, 가(ga)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 간다 ganda | 가 ga | 가요 gayo | 갑니다 gamnida |
| Past | 갔다 gatda | 갔어 gasseo | 갔어요 gasseoyo | 갔습니다 gatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 가느냐 ganeunya | 가 ga | 가요 gayo | 갑니까 gamnikka |
| Past | 갔느냐 ganneunya | 갔어 gasseo | 갔어요 gasseoyo | 갔습니까 gatseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 가자 gaja | 가 ga | 가요 gayo | 갑시다 gapsida | |
| Imperative | 가거라, 가라 gageora, gara | 가 ga | 가요 gayo | 갑시오 gapsio | |
| Assertive | 가겠다 gagetda | 가겠어 gagesseo | 가겠어요 gagesseoyo | 가겠습니다 gagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 가 ga | 가서 gaseo | 가니 gani | 가니까 ganikka | |
| Contrast | 가지만 gajiman | 가는데 ganeunde | 가더니 gadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 가고 gago | ||||
| Condition | 가면 gamyeon | 가야 gaya | |||
| Motive | 가려고 garyeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 감 gam | 가기 gagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 갔음 gasseum | 갔기 gatgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 간 gan | |||
| Present | 가는 ganeun | ||||
| Future | 갈 gal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) | Informal non-polite (해체) | Informal polite (해요체) | Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 가신다 gasinda | 가셔 gasyeo | 가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo | 가십니다 gasimnida |
| Past | 가셨다 gasyeotda | 가셨어 gasyeosseo | 가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo | 가셨습니다 gasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 가시느냐 gasineunya | 가셔 gasyeo | 가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo | 가십니까 gasimnikka |
| Past | 가셨느냐 gasyeonneunya | 가셨어 gasyeosseo | 가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo | 가셨습니까 gasyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 가시라 gasira | 가셔 gasyeo | 가세요 gaseyo | 가십시오 gasipsio | |
| Assertive | 가시겠다 gasigetda | 가시겠어 gasigesseo | 가시겠어요 gasigesseoyo | 가시겠습니다 gasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 가셔 gasyeo | 가셔서 gasyeoseo | 가시니 gasini | 가시니까 gasinikka | |
| Contrast | 가시지만 gasijiman | 가시는데 gasineunde | 가시더니 gasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 가시고 gasigo | ||||
| Condition | 가시면 gasimyeon | 가셔야 gasyeoya | |||
| Motive | 가시려고 gasiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 가심 gasim | 가시기 gasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 가셨음 gasyeosseum | 가셨기 gasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 가신 gasin | |||
| Present | 가시는 gasineun | ||||
| Future | 가실 gasil | ||||
Derived terms
(verbal expressions with nouns)
- 도망가다 (domanggada, “to run away”)
- 무리가 가다 (muriga gada, “to be strained, to be stressed”)
- 산으로 가다 (saneuro gada, “to diverge, to digress”)
- 손이 가다 (soni gada, “to take effort”)
- 시집가다 (sijipgada, “to be married (of a woman)”)
- 한물가다 (hanmulgada, “to be out of season”)
- 골로 가다 (gollo gada, “to die, to croak”)
(compound verbs with verbs)
- 가져가다 (gajeogada, “to take away”)
- 걸어가다 (georeogada, “to walk”)
- 기어가다 (gieogada, “to crawl”)
- 나가다 (nagada, “to go out”)
- 내려가다 (naeryeogada, “to go down”)
- 넘어가다 (neomeogada, “to go to the other side”)
- 다녀가다 (danyeogada, “to pay a visit”)
- 달려가다 (dallyeogada, “to go in a hurry”)
- 데려가다 (deryeogada, “to take away”)
- 들어가다 (deureogada, “to go in”)
- 살아가다 (saragada, “to go through life”)
- 오가다 (ogada, “to come and go”)
- 올라가다 (ollagada, “to go up”)
- 지나가다 (jinagada, “to pass by”)
(other)
- 가다가 (gadaga, “from time to time”)
- 간데없이 (gandeeopsi, “without a trace”)
- 오명가명 (omyeonggamyeong, “while coming and going”)
- 저리 가라 (jeori gara, “enough with”)
Middle Korean
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kà.tá/, [kà.dá]
Verb
가다〮 (kàtá) (infinitive 가〮, sequential 가니〮)
- (intransitive) to go (especially somewhere for a certain purpose)
- Antonym: 오다〮 (wòtá, “to come”)
- (auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.
- Antonym: 오다〮 (wòtá, continuous action from the past or towards the speaker)
Usage notes
Middle Korean had two (possibly three) verbs equivalent to Modern 가다 (gada, “to go”) or English "to go": 가다〮 (kàtá), and 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá). The latter appears only in compound verbs and before the suffix 거 (-ke-). Some scholars believe that 녀다〮 (nyètá) and 니다〮 (nìtá) were separate verbs.
It is believed that 가다〮 (kàtá) had a stronger emphasis on the purpose of the movement, while 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá) had a stronger emphasis on the physical movement itself. For example, only 가다〮 (kàtá) is attested with a human indirect object (i.e. expressing "to go to a person [for something]"); the indirect objects taken by 녀다〮 (nyètá) / 니다〮 (nìtá) are all real or metaphorical spaces. However, both could be used to translate the same Chinese verb, showing that the semantic distinction was not so strict.
Conjugation
| Selected conjugations of 가다〮 (kàtá), Accentual class H! | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources. | |||||
| Selected plain sentence-final forms | |||||
| Declarative | Interrogative | Modulated declarative | |||
| Polar question | Wh-word question | Second-person subject | |||
| Past | 가다〮 (kàtá) 가니〮라〮 (kànílá) | 간가〮 (kànká) 가녀〮 (kànyé) | 간고〮 (kànkwó) 가뇨〮 (kànyó) | 간다〮 (kàntá) | 가〯라〮 (kǎlá) |
| Present | 가〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (kánòtá) 가〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (kánónìlá) | 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (kánònká) 가〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (kánònyé) | 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (kánònkwó) 가〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (kánònyó) | 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (kánòntá) | 가〮노라〮 (kánwòlá) |
| Conjectural | 가리〮라〮 (kàlílá) | 가ᇙ가〮 (kàlqká) 가려〮 (kàlyé) | 가ᇙ고〮 (kàlqkwó) 가료〮 (kàlyó) | 가ᇙ다〮 (kàlqtá) | 가〯리라〮 (kǎlìlá) |
| Retrospective/ imperfective | 가〮더라〮 (kátèlá) 가〮더〮니라〮 (káténìlá) | 가〮던가〮 (kátènká) 가〮더녀〮 (kátènyé) | 가〮던고〮 (kátènkwó) 가〮더뇨〮 (kátènyó) | 가〮던다〮 (kátèntá) | 가〮다라〮 (kátàlá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
가〯마〮 (kǎmá, promissive) 가져〮 (kàcyé, hortative) | 가라〮 (kàlá, order) 가고〮라〮 (kàkwólá, request) | 간뎌〮 (kàntyé), 갈쎠〮 (kàlssyé) 가〮도다〮 (kátwòtá), 가〮돗다〮 (kátwòstá) 가〮애라〮 (káàylá) | |||
| Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms | |||||
| Past | 가ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàngìtá) 가니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàníngìtá) | 가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kàníngìská) | 가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kàníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 가〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (kǎngìtá) |
| Present | 가〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánóngìtá) 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánòníngìtá) | 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kánòníngìská) | 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kánòníngìskwó) | 가〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kánwóngìtá) | |
| Conjectural | 가리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàlíngìtá) | 가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (kàlíngìská) | 가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (kàlíngìskwó) | 가〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kǎlíngìtá) | |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
가〯마〮 (kǎmá, promissive) 가사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kàsángìtá, hortative) | 가〮쇼셔〮 (kásyòsyé, order) | 가〮도다〮 (kátwòtá), 가〮돗다〮 (kátwòstá) 가〮애ᅌᅵ다〮 (káàyngìtá) | |||
| Selected honorific declarative forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | Retrospective/ imperfective | 거 (-ke-) form | |
| Plain subject-honoring | 가〮시다〮 (kásìtá) 가〮시〮니라〮 (kásínìlá) | 가〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (kásínòtá) 가〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (kásìnónìlá) | 가〮시〮리라〮 (kásílìlá) | 가〮더〮시다〮 (kátésìtá) 가〮더시〮니라〮 (kátèsínìlá) | 가〮거〮시다〮 (kákésìtá) 가〮거시〮니라〮 (kákèsínìlá) |
| Deferential subject-honoring | 가〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásíngìtá) 가〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìníngìtá) | 가〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìnóngìtá) 가〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásínòníngìtá) | 가〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kásìlíngìtá) | 가〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kátésíngìtá) 가〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kátésìníngìtá) | 가〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kákèsíngìtá) 가〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kákésìníngìtá) |
| Selected connective forms | |||||
| Connective | Causative | Conditional/situating | Contrastive/concessive | Purposive/desiderative | Infinitive |
| 가고〮 (kàkwó) 가며〮 (kàmyé) 가〮다가〮 (kátàká) | 가니〮 (kàní) 가〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (kákènól) 갈ᄊᆡ〮 (kàlssóy, only in declarative) 가관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (kàkwántóy, only in interrogative) | 가면〮 (kàmyén) 가〮거든〮 (kákètún) 간대〮 (kàntáy) 가〮건댄〮 (kákèntáyn) | 가나〮 (kàná) 가〯ᄃᆡ〮 (kǎtóy) 간ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (kàntól) 가〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (kákénmàlón) | 가〯려〮 (kǎlyé) 가고〮져〮 (kàkwócyé, desires own action) 가과〮뎌〮 (kàkwátyé, desires other's action) | 가〮 (ká) |
| Adnominal/gerundive forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | |||
| Unmodulated non-honorific | 간 (kàn) | 가〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (kánón) | 가ᇙ (kàlq) | ||
| Modulated non-honorific | 간〯 (kǎn) | 가〮논〮 (kánwón) | 가ᇙ〯 (kǎlq) | ||
| Unmodulated subject-honoring | 가〮신〮 (kásín) | 가〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (kásìnón) | 가〮시ᇙ〮 (kásílq) | ||
| Substantive forms | |||||
| Plain | Subject-honoring | ||||
감〯 (kǎm) | 가〮샴〮 (kásyám) | ||||
Descendants
- Korean: 가다 (gada)
References
- 김천학 (2004), “中世國語 '가다, 니다, 녀다'에 관한 考察 [A study of ka-ta, ni-ta, and nye-ta in Middle Korean]”, in Eomun yeon'gu, volume 32, issue 4, pages 141—162
- 南星祐 (2020), “杜詩諺解의 同義語 硏究 [A study of synonyms in the Dusi eonhae]”, in Han'gugeosa yeon'gu, volume 6, pages 7—141