ꜥš

ꜥš

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive),
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive),
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕoːʃ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, with n or r or transitive) to summon
2. (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥš	ꜥšw, ꜥš	ꜥšt	ꜥš, j.ꜥš	ꜥš, j.ꜥš

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥš	ḥr ꜥš	m ꜥš	r ꜥš

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	ꜥšw, ꜥš	consecutive	ꜥš.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥšt
perfective3	ꜥš	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥš.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥš, j.ꜥš1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥš	ꜥšš	potentialis1	ꜥš.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥš, j.ꜥš1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥš	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥš	ꜥšš, ꜥššj6, ꜥš2, ꜥšw2 5, ꜥšy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜥš1, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ꜥš1, j.ꜥšw1 5, ꜥš, ꜥšj6, ꜥšy6	ꜥš, ꜥšw5
prospective	ꜥš, ꜥštj7	—	ꜥštj4, ꜥšt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

ꜥš

[New Kingdom]

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥš
  • Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

 m

1. a kind of coniferous tree, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica)
2. the wood of this tree

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Noun

 m

1. the resin of the ꜥš-tree

   Synonym: sfṯ

References

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 227.4–227.13, 228.1–228.6
• Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 48–49
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 362.
• Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217