齋

See also: 斋 and 斎

齋	U+9F4B, 齋 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F4B

← 齊
[U+9F4A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

齌 →
[U+9F4C]

Translingual

Traditional	齋
Shinjitai	斎
Simplified	斋

Han character

齋 (Kangxi radical 210, 齊+3, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜X火 (YXF), four-corner 0022₃, composition ⿵齊小)

Derived characters

𡄡𢥖𩵃

References

KangXi: page 1531, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48565

Dae Jaweon: page 2069, character 1

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4785, character 3

Unihan data for U+9F4B

Chinese

trad.		齋
simp.		斋

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
儕	*zriːl
麡	zriːl, ʔsliːl, *zliːl
齋	*ʔsriːl
穧	ʔsleds, ʔsliːls, *zliːls
擠	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
躋	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
齏	*ʔsliːl
齎	ʔsliːl, ʔslil
櫅	*ʔsliːl
齌	ʔsliːl, sʰliːl, *zliːls
隮	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
賷	*ʔsliːl
虀	*ʔsliːl
濟	ʔsliːlʔ, ʔsliːls
癠	ʔsliːlʔ, zliːl, zliːlʔ, zliːls
霽	*ʔsliːls
齊	zliːl, zliːls
臍	*zliːl
蠐	zliːl, zlil
懠	zliːl, zliːls
薺	zliːlʔ, zlil
鱭	*zliːlʔ
嚌	*zliːls
劑	zliːls, ʔslel
齍	*ʔslil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔsriːl) : phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhāi (zhai¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄓㄞ
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зэ (ze, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): zaai¹, zai¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): châi
(Meixian, Guangdong): zai¹
Min Bei (KCR): cái
Min Dong (BUC): că̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): che / chai
(Teochew, Peng'im): zê¹
Wu (Wiktionary): tsa (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhāi
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄞ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhai
  - Wade–Giles: chai¹
  - Yale: jāi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jai
  - Palladius: чжай (čžaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зэ (ze, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zaai¹, zai¹
  - Yale: jāai, jāi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzaai¹, dzai¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zai¹, zei¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saːi̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sɐi̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châi
  - Hakka Romanization System: zai´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zai¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sai̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zai¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡saɪ⁴⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: că̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: che / chai
  - Tâi-lô: tse / tsai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zef, zay
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡se⁴⁴/, /t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se³³/, /t͡sai³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se⁴⁴/, /t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡se⁴⁴/, /t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se⁴⁴/, /t͡sai⁴⁴/

Note:

che - vernacular;
chai - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zê¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tse
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡se³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsa (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sa̱⁵³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 齋
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂai⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡sai⁴⁴/ /ʈ͡ʂai⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡sai²¹/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂɛ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ʈ͡ʂɛ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂai²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡sai²¹/
	Xining	/t͡sɛ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂɛ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂɛ³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡sai⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂæ⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂae³¹/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂe̞²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sai¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡sæ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sɛ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡se⁵³/
	Suzhou	/t͡sɑ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡se̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sa³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sa³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sa¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sai³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡sai³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sai⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sai⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡sɑi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sai⁵³/
	Nanning	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡sai⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡sɛ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡sai⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡se³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡sai²³/ /t͡sɛ²³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ʃˠɛi/

Rime
Character	齋
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	莊 (18)
Final (韻)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	側皆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ʃˠɛi/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈ͡ʂᵚæi/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ʃɐi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈ͡ʂəɨj/
Li Rong	/t͡ʃɛi/
Wang Li	/t͡ʃɐi/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʈ͡ʂăi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhāi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zaai¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤr[ə]j/
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsriːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	齋
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhāi
Middle Chinese	‹ tsreaj ›
Old Chinese	/*tsˁr[ə]j/
English	purify oneself
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	齋
Reading #	1/1
No.	10031
Phonetic component	齊
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	齋
Old Chinese	/*ʔsriːl/

Definitions

齋

(historical) to show one's piety before offering sacrifices and other ceremonies in ancient times, by abstaining from meat and alcohol, bathing oneself and clearing one's mind of distracting thoughts
^† solemn; earnest
vegetarian diet (often adopted for religious reasons)
吃齋／吃斋 ― chīzhāi ― to be a vegetarian
fasting
齋月／斋月 ― zhāiyuè ― Ramadan
(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)
(Cantonese) plain; dull; boring; dry
齋啡／斋啡 [Cantonese] ― zaai¹ fe¹ [Jyutping] ― black coffee
早餐淨係食塊麵包會唔會齋咗啲呢？ [Cantonese, trad.]
早餐净系食块面包会唔会斋咗啲呢？ [Cantonese, simp.]
zou² caan¹ zing⁶ hai⁶ sik⁶ faai³ min⁶ baau¹ wui⁵ m⁴ wui⁵ zaai¹ zo² di¹ ne¹? [Jyutping]
Wouldn't it be a bit dull to just have a piece of bread for breakfast?
(Cantonese) purely; only; just
Synonym: 淨／净 (jìng)
齋噏／斋噏 [Cantonese] ― zaai¹ ap¹ [Jyutping] ― to just talk
齋睇唔買／斋睇唔买 [Cantonese] ― zaai¹ tai² m⁴ maai⁵ [Jyutping] ― to just browse around and not buy anything; to window-shop
to give alms to monks
study (room); studio
house; shop; building
a surname

Synonyms

(vegetarian diet): 素食 (sùshí)

Antonyms

(non-vegetarian): 葷／荤 (hūn)

Compounds

Derived terms from 齋

三長齋月／三长斋月
修齋／修斋
假齋／假斋
八關齋／八关斋
冷齋夜話／冷斋夜话
化齋／化斋
吃齋／吃斋 (chīzhāi)
吃齋唸佛／吃斋念佛
埋齋／埋斋
奉道齋僧／奉道斋僧
守齋／守斋
容齋隨筆／容斋随笔
封齋／封斋 (fēngzhāi)
心齋／心斋
扑扑齋／扑扑斋
打完齋唔要和尚／打完斋唔要和尚
打爛齋缽／打烂斋钵
打齋／打斋 (dǎzhāi)
打齋飯／打斋饭
把素持齋／把素持斋
把齋／把斋 (bǎzhāi)
持齋／持斋 (chízhāi)
持齋受戒／持斋受戒
持齋把素／持斋把素
捱齋／捱斋
散齋／散斋
斗齋／斗斋
施齋／施斋

早齋／早斋 (chá-chai) (Min Nan)
書齋／书斋 (shūzhāi)
治齋／治斋
白齋／白斋
監齋使者／监斋使者
監齋爺／监斋爷
知不足齋／知不足斋
累七齋／累七斋
羅漢齋／罗汉斋 (luóhànzhāi)
羅齋／罗斋
聊齋志異／聊斋志异
蕭齋／萧斋
蛇齋餅粽／蛇斋饼粽
話齋／话斋
赴齋／赴斋
長齋／长斋
長齋繡佛／长斋绣佛
開齋／开斋 (kāizhāi)
開齋節／开斋节 (Kāizhāijié)
食齋／食斋
魯齋郎／鲁斋郎
齋主／斋主
齋供／斋供
齋僧／斋僧
齋公／斋公
齋啡／斋啡
齋堂／斋堂 (zhāitáng)
齋壇／斋坛

齋夫／斋夫
齋姑／斋姑
齋宿／斋宿
齋居蔬食／斋居蔬食
齋廚／斋厨
齋心／斋心
齋心滌慮／斋心涤虑
齋慄／斋栗
齋戒／斋戒 (zhāijiè)
齋戒沐浴／斋戒沐浴 (zhāijièmùyù)
齋文／斋文
齋會／斋会
齋月／斋月 (zhāiyuè)
齋果／斋果 (zhāiguǒ)
齋校／斋校
齋沐／斋沐
齋滷味／斋卤味
齋潔／斋洁
齋腸／斋肠
齋舍／斋舍
齋舞／斋舞
齋菜／斋菜 (zhāicài)
齋襯／斋衬
齋襯錢／斋衬钱
齋醮／斋醮
齋鋪／斋铺
齋長／斋长
齋飯／斋饭 (zhāifàn)

Descendants

→ Thai: เจ (jee)
→ Vietnamese: chay

Japanese

Shinjitai	斎
Kyūjitai	齋

Kanji

齋

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 斎)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): さい (sai), し (shi)

Kun: ものいみ (monoimi), つつしむ (tsutsushimu)

Korean

Hanja

齋 (eumhun 엄숙할 재 (eomsukhal jae))
齋 (eumhun 집 재 (jip jae))
齋 (eumhun 상복 재 (sangbok jae))
齋 (eumhun 재계할 재 (jaegyehal jae))
齋 (eumhun 공부방 재 (gongbubang jae))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

齋: Hán Việt readings: trai (莊(trang)皆(giai)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], chay[4]
齋: Nôm readings: chay[1][2][3][4][5][6], trai[2][7][4][5][6], chai[1], rai[1], chây[3], trơi[7]

chữ Hán form of trai (“to abstain; to fast”).
Nôm form of chay (“to abstain; to fast”).

References

Nguyễn (2014).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).
Trần (2004).
Bonet (1899).
Génibrel (1898).
Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Hồ (1976).

[tdcndg-1] Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-2] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] Trần (2004).

[bonet-4] Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-5] Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-6] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[btcn-7] Hồ (1976).