鼾

鼾	U+9F3E, 鼾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F3E

← 鼽
[U+9F3D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鼿 →
[U+9F3F]

Translingual

Han character

鼾 (Kangxi radical 209, 鼻+3, 17 strokes, cangjie input 竹中一十 (HLMJ), four-corner 2124₀, composition ⿰鼻干)

Chinese

simp. and trad.		鼾
2nd round simp.		𰯶
alternative forms		哻 ancient

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
訐	krads, krads, ked, kad
肝	*kaːn
竿	*kaːn
干	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗	kaːn, ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	kaːn, ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	kaːn, ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	kaːnʔ, kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	kaːns, ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊	*kʰaːn
靬	kʰaːn, kʰaːns, kreːn, kan
衎	kʰaːnʔ, kʰaːns
犴	ŋaːn, ŋaːns
豻	ŋaːn, ŋaːns, ɦŋaːns, ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	ŋaːns, hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸	*ŋɡaːns
鼾	qʰaːn, ɢaːns
罕	qʰaːnʔ, qʰaːns
焊	qʰaːnʔ, ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	ɡaːns, kʰraːn
捍	ɡaːns, ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	ɡan, ɡʷad
軒	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns) : semantic 鼻 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hal (“to snore”). Compare Tibetan ཧལ (hal, “to pant; to wheeze; to snort; to snore”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hān (han¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢ
(Chengdu, SP): han⁴ / han¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): hon⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): hon³
Gan (Wiktionary): hon⁵ / hon¹
Jin (Wiktionary): han¹
Min Bei (KCR): hûing
Min Dong (BUC): hăng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hôaⁿ / hoaⁿ / hôⁿ / kôⁿ / han
(Teochew, Peng'im): huan⁵ / hang¹
Wu (Wiktionary): hoe (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): han¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hān
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: han
  - Wade–Giles: han¹
  - Yale: hān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: han
  - Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: han⁴ / han¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan²¹³/, /xan⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hon⁴
  - Yale: hòhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hon⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hon⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hon³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔn²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: hon⁵ / hon¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵn¹¹/, /hɵn⁴²/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: han¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hûing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuiŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôaⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaa
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /huã²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huã¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /huã²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoaⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huann
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huã⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hɔ̃²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvoo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ̃¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ̃²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ̃²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: han
  - Tâi-lô: han
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hafn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /han⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /han³³/

Note:

hôaⁿ/hoaⁿ - vernacular;
hôⁿ/kôⁿ - also written as 齁;
han - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huan⁵ / hang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâⁿ / hang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hũã⁵⁵/, /haŋ³³/

Note:

huan5 - vernacular;
hang1 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hoe (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hø⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: han¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan³³/

Middle Chinese: /hɑn/, /ɦɑn^H/

Rime
Character	鼾	鼾
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	許干切	侯旰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɑn/	/ɦɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hɑn/	/ɦɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xɑn/	/ɣɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/han/	/ɦan^H/
Li Rong	/xɑn/	/ɣɑn^H/
Wang Li	/xɑn/	/ɣɑn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xɑn/	/ɣɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hān	hàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hon¹	hon⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰaːn/, /*ɢaːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鼾	鼾
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	3606	3621
Phonetic component	干	干
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	頇	翰
Old Chinese	/*qʰaːn/	/*ɢaːns/
Notes	讀若汗

Definitions

鼾

(literary or Min Nan) to snore
snore; snoring
打鼾 ― dǎhān ― to snore

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 打鼾 (“to snore”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		打鼾
Mandarin	Beijing	打呼嚕, 打呼
	Taiwan	打鼾, 打呼嚕, 打呼
	Ulanhot	打呼嚕
	Tongliao	打呼嚕
	Chifeng	打鼾
	Bayanhot	扯呼, 打呼嚕
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	打呼嚕
	Harbin	打呼嚕兒
	Yantai (Muping)	打呼嚕, 打呼
	Qingdao	打呼嚕
	Jinan	打呼嚕
	Luoyang	扯呼嚕, 扯黑嘍
	Wanrong	打鼾睡
	Zhengzhou	打呼嚕
	Xi'an	打鼾睡, 拉鼾睡, 打呼嚕
	Yinchuan	扯呼
	Lanzhou	拉呼, 扯呼
	Xining	打呼嚕, 打呼
	Ürümqi	扯呼, 打呼兒
	Wuhan	打鼾, 打呼
	Chengdu	扯撲鼾, 打撲鼾
	Guiyang	扯撲鼾, 打撲鼾
	Kunming	打鼾
	Guilin	打呼, 扯呼
	Liuzhou	扯呼, 扯鼾, 打鼾, 打呼嚕
	Xuzhou	打呼嚕, 打呼兒
	Yangzhou	打呼
	Nanjing	打呼
	Hefei	打呼
	Nantong	打呼
	Changle (Qinjiang)	扯呼
Cantonese	Guangzhou	打鼻鼾, 扯鼻鼾
	Hong Kong	打鼻鼾, 扯鼻鼾
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	扯鼻鼾
	Foshan	打鼻鼾
	Foshan (Shunde)	打鼻鼾
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	打鼻鼾
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	打鼻梁
	Taishan	鼻龍徑響
	Kaiping (Chikan)	鼻囊徑響
	Dongguan	打鼻鼾
	Shaoguan	打鼻鼾
	Yunfu	扯鼻鼾
	Yangjiang	鼻囊響
	Xinyi	打鼻鼾
	Lianjiang	打鼻鼾
	Nanning	扯鼻鼾, 打鼻鼾
	Wuzhou	扯鼻鼾
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	扯鼻鼾
Gan	Nanchang	打鼾
	Lichuan	打鼾睡
	Pingxiang	扯鼾睡
Hakka	Meixian	打噴睡, 噴睡
	Changting	打鼾
	Shicheng	孔鼻
	Shangyou (Shexi)	打鼾屁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	牽覺, 噴睡
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	燉飯干, 牽覺
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	牽覺
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	吹包, 打呵, 牽覺
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	牽覺
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	牽大念
	Hong Kong	扯鼻鼾
	Luchuan	打呼嚕
	Senai (Huiyang)	打鼻鼾
Huizhou	Jixi	打呼
Jin	Taiyuan	打鼾睡, 打呼嚕
	Xinzhou	打鼾睡
	Taibus (Baochang)	打鼾
	Linhe	打鼾睡
	Jining	打鼾水
	Hohhot	打鼾睡, 打呼嚕
	Baotou	打鼾水
	Dongsheng	打鼾
	Haibowan	打呼嚕
Min Bei	Jian'ou	𢫦呼嚕, 𢫦鼾
Min Dong	Fuzhou	拍鼾
Min Nan	Xiamen	鼾, 起鼾, 齁
	Quanzhou	鼾, 起鼾
	Zhangzhou	鼾眠, 起鼾, 鼾, 齁
	Taipei	齁
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	齁
	Kaohsiung	齁
	Yilan	齁
	Changhua (Lukang)	齁
	Taichung	吹包仔
	Taichung (Wuqi)	齁
	Tainan	鼾
	Taitung	齁
	Hsinchu	齁
	Penghu (Magong)	齁
	Manila (Hokkien)	鼾
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	扯風箱
	Chaozhou	鼾
	Shantou	鼾
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	拍呼
	Haikou	鼾
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	喉嚨響
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	打呼
Wu	Shanghai	打昏塗
	Shanghai (Chongming)	打昏塗
	Suzhou	打昏
	Wuxi	打呼嚕, 欠昏
	Danyang	打呼
	Hangzhou	打迷鼾
	Ningbo	打眠鼾
	Wenzhou	鼾起, 睏鼾起
	Jinhua	打鼾
Xiang	Changsha	打鼾
Xiang	Quanzhou	打呼嚕

Compounds

噗鼾
打鼻鼾
打鼾 (dǎhān)
扯鼻鼾
鼻鼾 (bíhān)

鼻鼾如雷
鼾睡 (hānshuì)
鼾鼻
鼾鼾
鼾齁 (hānhōu)

鼾齁如雷
臥榻鼾睡／卧榻鼾睡
鼾聲／鼾声 (hānshēng)
鼾聲如雷／鼾声如雷
鼾聲雷動／鼾声雷动

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Min Nan (POJ): kôⁿ

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvoo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ̃²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ̃²⁴/

Definitions

鼾

(Min Nan) the sound of snoring; to snore

References

“Entry #12487”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

鼾

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: かん (kan); がん (gan)
Kan-on: かん (kan)
Kun: いびき (ibiki, 鼾); くつち (kutsuchi, 鼾)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鼾
かん Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 鼾 (MC hɑn, ɦɑn^H, “snoring”).

Only found in compounds. Not used in isolation.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

鼾(かん) • (kan)

snoring

Derived terms

鼾睡(かんすい) (kansui): to sleep while snoring
鼾声(かんせい) (kansei): the sound of snoring, a snoring voice

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鼾
いびき Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Originally a compound of 息 (i, “breath, breathing”) +‎ 引き (hiki, “pulling, drawing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 引く hiku “to pull, to draw”).[1][2] The hiki changes to biki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いびき [ìbíkíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2]
IPA^(key): [ibʲikʲi]

Noun

鼾(いびき) • (ibiki)

snoring, a snore

Derived terms

空鼾(そらいびき) (soraibiki): a fake snore, a snore deliberately made to make one appear to be asleep
高鼾(たかいびき) (takaibiki): a loud snore

Verb

鼾(いびき)する • (ibiki suru) suru (stem 鼾(いびき)し (ibiki shi), past 鼾(いびき)した (ibiki shita))

to snore

Usage notes

The verb sense “to snore” is more commonly expressed using the verbal phrases 鼾を掻く (ibiki o kaku, literally “to make a snoring sound”) or 鼾を立てる (ibiki o tateru, literally “to raise a snore, to put up a snore”).

Conjugation

Conjugation of "鼾する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	鼾し	いびきし	ibiki shi
Continuative (連用形)	鼾し	いびきし	ibiki shi
Terminal (終止形)	鼾する	いびきする	ibiki suru
Attributive (連体形)	鼾する	いびきする	ibiki suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	鼾すれ	いびきすれ	ibiki sure
Imperative (命令形)	鼾せよ¹ 鼾しろ²	いびきせよ¹ いびきしろ²	ibiki seyo¹ ibiki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	鼾される	いびきされる	ibiki sareru
Causative	鼾させる鼾さす	いびきさせるいびきさす	ibiki saseru ibiki sasu
Potential	鼾できる	いびきできる	ibiki dekiru
Volitional	鼾しよう	いびきしよう	ibiki shiyō
Negative	鼾しない	いびきしない	ibiki shinai
Negative continuative	鼾せず	いびきせず	ibiki sezu
Formal	鼾します	いびきします	ibiki shimasu
Perfective	鼾した	いびきした	ibiki shita
Conjunctive	鼾して	いびきして	ibiki shite
Hypothetical conditional	鼾すれば	いびきすれば	ibiki sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

鼾(いび)く (ibiku) (rare, probably obsolete)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
鼾
くつち Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
癲狂癲癇

Apparently the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of obsolete verb 鼾つ (kutsutsu, “to sleep while snoring”, possibly onomatopoeic).[1]

The epilepsy sense may have arisen from how one's breathing may be spastic and vaguely similar to snoring when suffering an epileptic seizure.

However, the conjugation of this putative verb is unknown, and it is only encountered in what would be the nominalized 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of kutsuchi.[1] This leaves open the possibility of alternative origins:

May be a compound of 口 (kutsu, “mouth”, the bound form of modern 口 (kuchi), only found in compounds) +‎ 風 (chi, “wind”, from the way that snoring often happens when breathing through the mouth, or from the way that an epileptic seizure may involve spastic breathing vaguely similar to snoring).
The epilepsy sense may be a compound of 口 (kutsu, “mouth”, the bound form of modern 口 (kuchi), only found in compounds) +‎ 血 (chi, “blood”, from the common occurrence of biting one's tongue during an epileptic seizure).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝt͡sɨᵝt͡ɕi]

Noun

鼾(くつち) • (kutsuchi)

(archaic, rare) snoring
(archaic, rare) epilepsy

Synonyms

(epilepsy): 癲癇(てんかん) (tenkan)

Derived terms

鼾掻(くつちかき) (kutsuchikaki): a person who has epilepsy; (obsolete) a snorer, a person who snores
鼾臥(くつちふ)す (kutsuchifusu): to sleep while snoring

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

鼾 • (han) (hangeul 한, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

鼾: Hán Nôm readings: han

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

鼾

Translingual

Han character

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Affix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Synonyms

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character