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单词 鼓
释义

鼓

See also: 皼
鼓 U+9F13, 鼓
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F13
← 鼒
[U+9F12]		CJK Unified Ideographs鼔 →
[U+9F14]
⿎ U+2FCE, ⿎
KANGXI RADICAL DRUM
← ⿍
[U+2FCD]		Kangxi Radicals⿏ →
[U+2FCF]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

鼓 (Kangxi radical 207, 鼓+0, 13 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十水 (GTJE), four-corner 44147, composition ⿰壴支)

  1. Kangxi radical #207, ⿎.

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/鼓
  • 𠿤, 𫱺, 臌, 𭿢, 𨭸(𫔐), 𮨲, 𡽌, 瞽, 𦗺, 𨆊, 𮝪, 䥢, 𮩑, 𪇀, 𡽂, 薣, 𩰛

References

  • KangXi: page 1526, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48330
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2061, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4763, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9F13

Chinese

simp. and trad.
鼓
2nd round simp.壴
alternative forms
 
鼔
皷
𡔷
𪔐
𪔨
鼔
皷
𡔷
𪔐
𪔨
𪔎
𩉨
𩉲
𩉩
𩊉

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鼓
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (鼓) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
皷*kʷaːʔ
鼓*kʷaːʔ
瞽*kʷaːʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 支 (“hand holding drumstick”).

Etymology

Area word; compare Proto-Tai *klɔŋᴬ (“drum”), Saek [script needed] (tlɔɔŋᴬ¹), Proto-Hlai *laŋ¹ (“drum”), Proto-Wa (*kloʔ, "bronze-drum") (Schuessler, 2007).

瞽 (OC *kʷaːʔ, “blind man; musician”) is a derivative.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): gǔ (gu3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): gu3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gu2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): gu3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kú
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gu3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): gu2
  • Min Bei (KCR): gǔ
  • Min Dong (BUC): gū
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): ku (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): gu3
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
      • Wade–Giles: ku3
      • Yale: gǔ
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
      • Palladius: гу (gu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: gu3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gu2
      • Yale: gú
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gu2
      • Guangdong Romanization: gu2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuː³⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: gu2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: gu3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú
      • Hakka Romanization System: gu`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: gu3
      • Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: gu3
      • Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: gu2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǔ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: gū
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
      • Tâi-lô: kóo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kor
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kɔ⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /kɔu⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: gou2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kou⁵²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: ku (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kv̩ʷ³⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: gu3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁴¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /kuoX/
Rime
Character鼓
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)見 (28)
Final (韻)模 (23)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie公戸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kuoX/
Pan
Wuyun		/kuoX/
Shao
Rongfen		/koX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kɔX/
Li
Rong		/koX/
Wang
Li		/kuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/kuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		gǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		gu2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character鼓
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		gǔ
Middle
Chinese		‹ kuX ›
Old
Chinese		/*[k]ˁaʔ/
Englishdrum (n. & v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character鼓
Reading #1/1
No.4337
Phonetic
component		鼓
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		古
Old
Chinese		/*kʷaːʔ/
Notes亦同皷
鼓

Definitions

鼓

  1. (music) drum (Classifier: 面 m)
    鼓手  ―  gǔshǒu  ―  drummer
  2. to drum; to beat a drum
    • 公將鼓之。劌曰：未可。齊人三鼓。劌曰：可矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      公将鼓之。刿曰：未可。齐人三鼓。刿曰：可矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
      Gōng jiāng gǔ zhī. Guì yuē: wèikě. Qí rén sān gǔ. Guì yuē: kě yǐ. [Pinyin]
      When the Duke was about to sound the drum for the attack, Tsao said, "Not yet." When the men of Qi had drummed thrice, Tsao said, "Now we can drum."
    • 於是鼓之右，婦人大笑。孫子曰：「約束不明，申令不熟，將之罪也。」復三令五申而鼓之左，婦人復大笑。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      于是鼓之右，妇人大笑。孙子曰：“约束不明，申令不熟，将之罪也。”复三令五申而鼓之左，妇人复大笑。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Yúshì gǔ zhī yòu, fùrén dàxiào. Sūnzǐ yuē: “Yuēshù bùmíng, shēnlìng bù shú, jiāng zhī zuì yě.” Fù sānlìngwǔshēn ér gǔ zhī zuǒ, fùrén fù dàxiào. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  3. (literary) to play; to perform; to sound (a musical instrument)
    • 鼓鐘欽欽，鼓瑟鼓琴。笙磬同音。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      鼓钟钦钦，鼓瑟鼓琴。笙磬同音。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Gǔ zhōng qīn qīn, gǔ sè gǔ qín. Shēng qìng tóngyīn. [Pinyin]
      His bells ring out k'in k'in;
      His lutes, large and small, give their notes;
      The tones of his organs and sounding stones are in unison.
  4. to beat; to clap
    鼓掌  ―  gǔzhǎng  ―  to clap hands
    • 呂望之鼓刀兮，遭周文而得舉。甯戚之謳歌兮，齊桓聞以該輔。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      吕望之鼓刀兮，遭周文而得举。甯戚之讴歌兮，齐桓闻以该辅。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
      Lǚ wàng zhī gǔ dāo xī, zāo Zhōu wén ér dé jǔ. Níng qī zhī ōu gē xī, Qí Huán wén yǐ gāi fǔ. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  5. † to blast hot air for smelting
    • 偃矯制，使膠東、魯國鼓鑄鹽鐵。還，奏事，徙為太常丞。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      偃矫制，使胶东、鲁国鼓铸盐铁。还，奏事，徙为太常丞。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
      Yǎn jiǎozhì, shǐ Jiāodōng, Lǔguó gǔ zhù yán tiě. Hái, zòu shì, xǐ wèi tàicháng chéng. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  6. to incite; to encourage
    鼓勵／鼓励  ―  gǔlì  ―  to encourage
  7. to protrude; to bulge
  8. a surname

Synonyms

  • (drum): (Hakka) 鼓仔
  • (to protrude):
edit
  • 凸出 (tūchū)
  • 凸起 (tūqǐ)
  • 暴突 (bàotū)
  • 突出 (tūchū)
  • 高出 (gāochū)
  • 鼓起 (gǔqǐ)
  • 鐘腄／钟腄 (Min Nan)

Hypernyms

  • (drum): 打擊樂器／打击乐器 (dǎjī yuèqì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (鼓):
  • → Japanese: 鼓(こ) (ko)
  • → Korean: 고(鼓) (go)
  • → Vietnamese: cổ (鼓)

(Others):

  • Wutunhua: guu

Compounds

Derived terms from 鼓

Japanese

Kanji

鼓

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. drum

Readings

  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: つづみ (tsuzumi, 鼓, Jōyō)←つづみ (tudumi, historical)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 鼓(こ)手(しゅ) (koshu, “drummer”)
  • 鼓(こ)声(せい) (kosei, “sound of a drum”)
  • 鼓(こ)膜(まく) (komaku, “eardrum”)
  • 簫(しょう)鼓(こ) (shōko, “flutes and drums”)
  • 太(たい)鼓(こ) (taiko, “taiko”)
  • 鼓(つづみ)草(ぐさ) (tsuzumigusa, “dandelion”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鼓
つづみ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/tudumi1/ → /tudumi/ → /t͡sud͡zumi/ → /t͡suzumi/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *tuntumi. Related to Okinawan 鼓 (chijin).

Compare Sanskrit दुन्दुभि (dundubhi, “drum”).

Alternative forms

  • 皷

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) つづみ​ [tsùzúmíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3]
    • (Tokyo) つづみ [tsùzúmí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
    • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝzɨᵝmʲi]

Noun

鼓(つづみ) • (tsuzumi) 

  1. generic name for musical instruments with a leather head that can be struck.
  2. a tsuzumi, hand drum with leather heads at both ends, used in Japanese traditional performing arts:
    1. a 小鼓 (kotsuzumi)
    2. an 大鼓 (ōtsuzumi)
  3. a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), like the leather head of a tsuzumi

Proper noun

鼓(つずみ) • (Tsuzumi) 

  1. a surname

鼓(つづみ) • (Tsuzumi) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

鼓(つつみ) • (Tsutsumi) 

  1. a surname

鼓(ひびき) • (Hibiki) 

  1. a female given name
    from 響き (hibiki, “echo”)

References

  1. “鼓”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

鼓 (eumhun 북 고 (buk go))

  1. Hanja form? of 고 (“drum”).

Vietnamese

Han character

鼓: Hán Nôm readings: cổ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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