鶴

See also: 鹤

鶴	U+9DB4, 鶴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4

← 鶳
[U+9DB3]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鶵 →
[U+9DB5]

鶴	U+FA2D, 鶴 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA2D

← 館
[U+FA2C]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

郞 →
[U+FA2E]

Translingual

Han character

鶴 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 4722₇, composition ⿰隺鳥)

References

KangXi: page 1496, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4654, character 3
Unihan data for U+9DB4
Unihan data for U+FA2D

Chinese

trad.		鶴
simp.		鹤
alternative forms		鸖䳽隺

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鶴	*ɡloːwɢ
髉	*pqroːwɢ
篧	skroːwɢ, sɡroːwɢ
榷	*kroːwɢ
搉	kroːwɢ, kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕	*kroːwɢ
確	*kʰroːwɢ
寉	*ɡluːwɢ
蒮	*luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

Etymology

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hè, háo (he⁴, hao²)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ, ㄏㄠˊ
(Chengdu, SP): ho²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): hok⁶, hok^6-2
(Taishan, Wiktionary): hok^4*
Gan (Wiktionary): hoh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ho̍k
(Meixian, Guangdong): hog⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): heh⁵ / hah⁵
Min Bei (KCR): hō̤
Min Dong (BUC): hŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ho̍h / ho̍k
(Teochew, Peng'im): hoh⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): ngoq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ho⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hè
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hè
  - Wade–Giles: ho⁴
  - Yale: hè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: háo
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: háo
  - Wade–Giles: hao²
  - Yale: háu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haur
  - Palladius: хао (xao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ho²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hok⁶, hok^6-2
  - Yale: hohk, hók
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hok⁹, hok^9-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: hog⁶, hog^6-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːk̚²/, /hɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hok^4*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔk̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: hoh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ho̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: hog
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hog⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /hok̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hog⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /hɔk̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: heh⁵ / hah⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəʔ⁵⁴/, /xaʔ⁵⁴/

Note:

heh5 - vernacular;
hah5 - literary.

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hō̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɔ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /houʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho̍h / ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: ho̍h / ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoih, hok
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hoʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hoʔ²⁴/, /hɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hoʔ¹²¹/, /hɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hoʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/

Note:

ho̍h - vernacular;
ho̍k - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hoh⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ho̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hoʔ⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ngoq (T5)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋʊʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 鶴
Mandarin	Beijing	/xɤ⁵¹/ /xɑu³⁵/
	Harbin	/xau²⁴/ /xɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/xɑu⁴⁵/ /xɤ⁵³/
	Jinan	/xə²¹³/ /xə²¹/ 新
	Qingdao	/xə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xɤ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xuo²¹/
	Xining	/xɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xə⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xuo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xo³¹/
	Guiyang	/xo²¹/
	Kunming	/xo³¹/
	Nanjing	/xoʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/xɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/xʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/xaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋoʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋoʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ŋoʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ŋo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/xɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/xo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ho²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hok̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔk̚²/
	Nanning	/hɔk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɔk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hɔk̚⁵/ /hoʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/houʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ɔ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hoʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hɔk̚⁵/ /hak̚³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦɑk̚/

Rime
Character	鶴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	唐 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	下各切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦak̚/
Li Rong	/ɣɑk̚/
Wang Li	/ɣɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hok⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤrawk/, /*[ɡ]ˤawk/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːwɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鶴	鶴
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hè	hè
Middle Chinese	‹ hæwk ›	‹ hak ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁrawk/	/*[ɡ]ˁawk/
English	white (of birds)	crane
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鶴
Reading #	1/1
No.	5092
Phonetic component	寉
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	涸
Old Chinese	/*ɡloːwɢ/

Definitions

鶴

crane (bird)
white
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 鶴

一琴一鶴／一琴一鹤
不舞之鶴／不舞之鹤
丹頂鶴／丹顶鹤 (dāndǐnghè)
乘軒鶴／乘轩鹤
乘鶴／乘鹤
乘鶴駕雲／乘鹤驾云
仙鶴／仙鹤 (xiānhè)
仙鶴草／仙鹤草 (xiānhècǎo)
別鶴／别鹤
別鶴孤鸞／别鹤孤鸾
別鶴操／别鹤操
別鶴離鸞／别鹤离鸾
化鶴／化鹤
吼鶴／吼鹤
妻梅子鶴／妻梅子鹤
孤雲野鶴／孤云野鹤
孤鸞寡鶴／孤鸾寡鹤
寡鶴／寡鹤
弔鶴／吊鹤
彥倫鶴怨／彦伦鹤怨
慚鳧企鶴／惭凫企鹤
控鶴／控鹤
揚州鶴／扬州鹤
斷鶴續鳧／断鹤续凫 (duànhèxùfú)
朱顏鶴髮／朱颜鹤发
杳如黃鶴／杳如黄鹤
松鶴／松鹤
松鶴延年／松鹤延年
枯魚病鶴／枯鱼病鹤
梅妻鶴子／梅妻鹤子 (méiqīhèzǐ)
梅鶴因緣／梅鹤因缘
水鶴／水鹤
火鶴花／火鹤花
灰鶴／灰鹤
焚琴煮鶴／焚琴煮鹤 (fén qín zhǔ hè)
煮鶴焚琴／煮鹤焚琴
煮鶴燒琴／煮鹤烧琴
猿鶴沙蟲／猿鹤沙虫
猿鶴蟲沙／猿鹤虫沙
玄鶴／玄鹤

王喬騎鶴／王乔骑鹤
瘞鶴銘／瘗鹤铭
白頂鶴／白顶鹤
白鶴／白鹤 (báihè)
白鶴秀才／白鹤秀才
童顏鶴髮／童颜鹤发 (tóngyánhèfà)
紅鶴／红鹤 (hónghè)
羊公鶴／羊公鹤
群雞一鶴／群鸡一鹤
老鶴乘軒／老鹤乘轩
華亭鶴唳／华亭鹤唳
華表鶴歸／华表鹤归
蟲沙猿鶴／虫沙猿鹤
跨鶴／跨鹤
遼東鶴／辽东鹤
野鶴／野鹤
野鶴閒雲／野鹤闲云
閒雲孤鶴／闲云孤鹤
閒雲野鶴／闲云野鹤
雞皮鶴髮／鸡皮鹤发 (jīpíhèfà)
雞膚鶴髮／鸡肤鹤发
雲中白鶴／云中白鹤
青鶴／青鹤
風聲鶴唳／风声鹤唳 (fēngshēnghèlì)
風鶴／风鹤
風鶴魂驚／风鹤魂惊
駕鶴西歸／驾鹤西归
騎鶴揚州／骑鹤扬州
鶴乘軒／鹤乘轩
鶴企／鹤企
鶴俸／鹤俸
鶴列／鹤列
鶴唳／鹤唳
鶴唳風聲／鹤唳风声
鶴壁／鹤壁 (Hèbì)
鶴壽／鹤寿
鶴宮／鹤宫
鶴岡／鹤冈 (Hègāng)
鶴峰／鹤峰 (Hèfēng)
鶴弔／鹤吊

鶴形目／鹤形目
鶴書／鹤书
鶴望／鹤望
鶴板／鹤板
鶴林／鹤林
鶴林玉露／鹤林玉露
鶴步／鹤步
鶴氅／鹤氅
鶴神／鹤神
鶴禁／鹤禁
鶴科／鹤科
鶴立／鹤立
鶴立雞群／鹤立鸡群 (hèlìjīqún)
鶴算龜齡／鹤算龟龄
鶴膝／鹤膝
鶴膝風／鹤膝风
鶴舞／鹤舞
鶴處雞群／鹤处鸡群
鶴觴／鹤觞
鶴警／鹤警
鶴長鳧短／鹤长凫短
鶴頂紅／鹤顶红
鶴馭／鹤驭
鶴駕／鹤驾
鶴骨松姿／鹤骨松姿
鶴髮／鹤发 (hèfà)
鶴髮童顏／鹤发童颜 (hèfàtóngyán)
鶴髮雞皮／鹤发鸡皮
鶴鳴／鹤鸣
鶴鳴之士／鹤鸣之士
鶴鳴九皋／鹤鸣九皋
鶴鶴／鹤鹤
鶴齡／鹤龄
鸞鶴／鸾鹤 (luánhè)
黃鶴樓／黄鹤楼 (Huánghèlóu)
龜年鶴壽／龟年鹤寿
龜鶴／龟鹤
龜鶴同春／龟鹤同春
龜齡鶴算／龟龄鹤算

Japanese

Kanji

鶴

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: がく (gaku)
Kan-on: かく (kaku)
Kun: つる (tsuru, 鶴, Jōyō)^{←つる (turu, historical)}; たず (tazu, 鶴)^{←たづ (tadu, historical)}
Nanori: ず (zu); つ (tsu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鶴
つる Grade: S
kun’yomi

鶴 (tsuru, tazu): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis

鶴 (tsuru): an origami crane

鶴 (tsuru): the tsuru no maru, one of many 家紋 (kamon, “family crests”) in the depiction of a crane

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.[1] May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”), Hungarian daru (“crane”).

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つる [tsúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

鶴(つる) • (tsuru)

a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the familyGruidae)
Short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
Short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
(euphemistic) white hair
Synonym: 白髪 (shiraga)
a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ツル.

Derived terms

鶴(つる)岡(おか) (Tsuruoka)
鶴(つる)ヶ城(じょう) (Tsurugajō)
鶴(つる)亀(かめ) (tsurukame)
鶴(つる)首(くび), 鶴(つる)頸(くび) (tsurukubi)
鶴(つる)三(ぞう) (Tsuruzō)
鶴(つる)の戒(いまし)め (tsuru no imashime)
鶴(つる)の毛(け)衣(ごろも) (tsuru no kegoromo)
鶴(つる)の子(こ) (tsurunoko)
鶴(つる)の孫(まご) (tsuru no mago)
鶴(つる)の丸(まる) (tsuru no maru)
鶴(つる)脛(はぎ) (tsuruhagi)
鶴(つる)嘴(はし) (tsuruhashi)
鶴(つる)斑(ぶち) (tsurubuchi)
鶴(ツル)擬(モドキ) (tsurumodoki)
鶴(つる)屋(や) (Tsuruya)
姉(アネ)羽(ハ)鶴(ヅル) (anehazuru)
折(おり)鶴(づる) (orizuru)
鸛(こう)鶴(づる) (kōzuru)
白(しら)鶴(つる) (shiratsuru)
千(せん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (senbazuru)
黒(クロ)鶴(ヅル) (kurozuru)
丹(たん)頂(ちょう)鶴(づる) (tanchōzuru)
友(とも)鶴(づる) (tomozuru)
鍋(ナベ)鶴(ヅル) (nabezuru)
引(ひ)き鶴(づる) (hikizuru)
紅(ベニ)鶴(ヅル) (benizuru)
真(まな)鶴(づる), 真名(マナ)鶴(ヅル) (manazuru)
万(まん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (manbazuru)
夕(ゆう)鶴(づる) (yūzuru)
夜(よる)の鶴(つる) (yoru no tsuru)

Idioms

鶴(つる)来(きた)る (tsuru kitaru)
鶴(つる)の一(ひと)声(こえ) (tsuru no hitokoe)
凍(い)て鶴(づる) (itezuru, “frozen crane → a metaphor for something stock still and unmoving, from the way a crane will freeze when hunting”)
子(こ)を思(おも)う鶴(つる) (ko o omō tsuru)
塵(ちり)塚(づか)に鶴(つる) (chirizuka ni tsuru)
掃(は)き溜(だ)めに鶴(つる) (hakidame ni tsuru)

Proverbs

鶴(つる)九(きゅう)皐(こう)に鳴(な)き声(こえ)天(てん)に聞(き)こゆ (tsuru kyūkō ni naki koe ten ni kikoyu)
鶴(つる)は千(せん)年(ねん)亀(かめ)は万(まん)年(ねん) (tsuru wa sennen kame wa mannen)

Proper noun

鶴(つる) • (Tsuru)

a female given name
a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鶴
たず Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
田鶴

/tadu/ → /tad͡zu/ → /tazu/

From Old Japanese.[2][3]

Speculatively, this could be analyzed as a compound of た (ta, possibly 田 (“rice paddy”), where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tsu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”), wherein the tsu changes to dzu, modern zu, as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu may be the tsu in modern tsuru above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) たず [táꜜzù] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
IPA^(key): [ta̠zɨᵝ]

Noun

鶴(たず) • (tazu) ^{←たづ (tadu)^?}

(archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the familyGruidae)

Usage notes

This reading is now reserved for poetry.[2][3]

Derived terms

葦(あし)田(た)鶴(ず) (ashi tazu, “crane”, poetic; literally “reed crane” in reference to the way the birds will often hide among the reeds)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
鶴
かく Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC ɦɑk̚).

Compare modern Mandarin 鶴 (hè).

Affix

鶴(かく) • (kaku)

crane (large bird of the familyGruidae)
cranelike

Derived terms

鶴(かく)駕(が) (kakuga)
鶴(かっ)禁(きん) (Kakkin)
鶴(かく)膝(しつ) (kakushitsu)
鶴(かく)首(しゅ) (kakushu)
鶴(かく)寿(じゅ) (kakuju)
鶴(かく)書(しょ) (kakusho)
鶴(かく)氅(しょう) (kakushō)
鶴(かく)髪(はつ) (kakuhatsu)
鶴(かく)望(ぼう) (kakubō)
鶴(かく)翼(よく) (kakuyoku)
鶴(かく)林(りん) (Kakurin)
鶴(かく)唳(れい) (kakurei)
雲(うん)鶴(かく) (unkaku)
亀(き)鶴(かく) (kikaku)
群(ぐん)鶴(かく) (gunkaku)
玄(げん)鶴(かく) (genkaku)
皐(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
皓(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
西(さい)鶴(かく) (Saikaku)
白(はっ)鶴(かく) (hakkaku)
夜(や)鶴(かく) (yakaku)

Idioms

鶏(けい)群(ぐん)の一(いっ)鶴(かく) (keigun no ikkaku)