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单词 骨
释义

骨

骨 U+9AA8, 骨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9AA8
← 骧
[U+9AA7]		CJK Unified Ideographs骩 →
[U+9AA9]
⾻ U+2FBB, ⾻
KANGXI RADICAL BONE
← ⾺
[U+2FBA]		Kangxi Radicals⾼ →
[U+2FBC]
⻣ U+2EE3, ⻣
CJK RADICAL BONE
← ⻢
[U+2EE2]		CJK Radicals Supplement⻤ →
[U+2EE4]

Translingual

Traditional 骨
Simplified 骨
Japanese 骨
Korean 骨
Stroke order
(Mainland China)
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Alternative forms

  • In Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau), Japanese kanji and Korean hanja, the inner component on the top of the character is positioned to the right (◲) (⾻), which is the orthodox form found in the historical Kangxi dictionary.
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing (新字形) standardized form) and Vietnamese Nôm, the inner component on the top of the character is positioned to the left (◱) (骨).
  • In mainland China (Xin Zixing), Hong Kong and Macau (Traditional Chinese), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the bottom component is written in the form of ⺝ (similar to 月 but the leftmost stroke is vertical 丨 and not curved 丿), which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
  • In Taiwan (Traditional Chinese), the bottom component is written in the form of ⺼ (meat radical, similar to 月 where the leftmost stroke is curved 丿 but the two horizontal strokes enclosed within are written 冫 instead).
  • Due to Han unification, this character may or may not appear different, depending on the fonts available:
    • Taiwan: 骨; Mainland China: 骨; Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and Macau: 骨.

Han character

骨 (Kangxi radical 188, 骨+0, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 9 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 月月月 (BBB), four-corner 77227, composition ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍𠃍肎(GV) or ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍⿰丨一肎(HTJK))

  1. Kangxi radical #188, ⾻.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №134

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/骨
  • 傦, 嗗, 尳, 𡻋, 𭘱, 愲, 搰, 滑, 猾, 𡰅, 榾, 𣨺, 𤚱, 𦞽, 𥛔, 𥉄, 磆, 𥠳, 𧜓, 𠬒, 縎(𦈔), 𦎰, 𦖼, 螖, 𧳸, 𧽌, 𨃴, 𨉦, 𨍾, 𨪷, 餶(馉), 䮩, 䱻(𮬡), 𪄥, 𬛟, 𬗁, 䶤
  • 𠞡, 𩀜, 顝, 鶻(鹘), 蓇, 𥱪, 𩄨, 𥐒, 㾶, 𤼑

Further reading

  • KangXi: page 1447, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1973, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4406, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9AA8

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 骨
ShangWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
顝*kʰuːl, *kʰuːlʔ, *kʰuːd
滑*ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
猾*ɡruːd
磆*ɡruːd
螖*ɡruːd
鶻*ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
嗗*qruːd
骨*kuːd
縎*kuːd
愲*kuːd
蓇*kuːd
尳*kuːd, *ɡuːd
榾*kuːd
搰*ɡuːd
核*ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冎 (“skull”) + ⺼ (“body”).

Etymology 1

trad.骨
simp. #骨

Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Sichuan Yi ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): gǔ, gū, gú (gu3, gu1, gu2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ, ㄍㄨ, ㄍㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): gu2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gwat1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gut2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): gut6
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kut
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gud5
  • Jin (Wiktionary): gueh4
  • Min Bei (KCR): gŏ
  • Min Dong (BUC): gáuk
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): kut
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gug4
  • Wu (Wiktionary): kueq (T4)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): gu6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
      • Wade–Giles: ku3
      • Yale: gǔ
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
      • Palladius: гу (gu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
    • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: gū
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: gu
      • Wade–Giles: ku1
      • Yale: gū
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gu
      • Palladius: гу (gu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵⁵/
    • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: gú
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: gú
      • Wade–Giles: ku2
      • Yale: gú
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwu
      • Palladius: гу (gu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku³⁵/
Note:
  • gǔ - usual pronunciation;
  • gū - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨朵兒 (“unbloomed flower”) and 骨碌 (“to roll”);
  • gú - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨頭 (“bone”).
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: gu2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gwat1
      • Yale: gwāt
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gwat7
      • Guangdong Romanization: gued1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʷɐt̚⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: gut2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kut̚⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: gut6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kut̚⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kut
      • Hakka Romanization System: gud`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: gud5
      • Sinological IPA: /kut̚²/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: gud5
      • Sinological IPA: /kut̚¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: gueh4
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuəʔ²/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gŏ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ko²⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: gáuk
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɑuʔ²⁴/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut
      • Tâi-lô: kut
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kud
      • IPA (Xiamen): /kut̚³²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²/
      • IPA (Taipei): /kut̚³²/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: gug4
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuk
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuk̚²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: kueq (T4)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɯə̯ʔ⁵⁵/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: gu6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ku²⁴/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
骨
MandarinBeijing/ku²¹⁴/
/ku³⁵/
Harbin/ku²¹³/
Tianjin/ku¹³/ ～折
/ku²¹/ ～頭
Jinan/ku²¹³/
Qingdao/ku⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/ku²⁴/
Xi'an/ku²¹/
Xining/kv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/ku¹³/
Lanzhou/ku¹³/
Ürümqi/ku²¹³/
Wuhan/ku²¹³/
Chengdu/ku³¹/
Guiyang/ku²¹/
Kunming/ku³¹/
Nanjing/kuʔ⁵/
Hefei/kuəʔ⁵/
JinTaiyuan/kuəʔ²/
Pingyao/kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot/kuəʔ⁴³/
WuShanghai/kuəʔ⁵/
Suzhou/kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou/kuoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou/ky²¹³/
HuiShexian/kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi/ku⁵/
XiangChangsha/ku²⁴/
Xiangtan/ku²⁴/
GanNanchang/kuɨʔ⁵/
HakkaMeixian/kut̚¹/
Taoyuan/kut̚²²/
CantoneseGuangzhou/kwɐt̚⁵/
Nanning/kɛɐt̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/kwɐt̚⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/kut̚³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/kɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/ko²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/kuk̚²/
Haikou (Min Nan)/kut̚⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /kuət̚/
Rime
Character骨
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)見 (28)
Final (韻)魂 (56)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)I
Fanqie古忽切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kuət̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/kuot̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/kuət̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kwət̚/
Li
Rong		/kuət̚/
Wang
Li		/kuət̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/kuət̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		gu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		gwat1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kuːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character骨
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		gǔ
Middle
Chinese		‹ kwot ›
Old
Chinese		/*kˁut/
Englishbone

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character骨
Reading #1/1
No.4321
Phonetic
component		骨
Rime
group		物
Rime
subdivision		2
Corresponding
MC rime		骨
Old
Chinese		/*kuːd/
Notes冎亦聲

Definitions

骨

  1. (anatomy) bone
  2. skeleton; frame; framework
  3. moral character
  4. (Cantonese) sarcasm
    佢句句說話都有骨 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢句句说话都有骨 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 geoi3 geoi3 syut3 waa6 dou1 jau5 gwat1 [Jyutping]
    All his sentences are sarcastic.
  5. a surname
Synonyms
  • (bone): 骨頭／骨头 (gǔtou); (Min Dong) 骨骨

Compounds

Derived terms from 骨

Etymology 2

trad.骨
simp. #骨
alternative forms嗗

From English quarter.

Pronunciation

  • Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat1
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gwat1
      • Yale: gwāt
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gwat7
      • Guangdong Romanization: gued1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʷɐt̚⁵/

Definitions

骨

  1. (Cantonese) quarter of an hour; 15 minutes (Classifier: 個／个 c)
    三點一個骨／三点一个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  saam1 dim2 jat1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter past three
    五點三個骨／五点三个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  ng5 dim2 saam1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter to six (literally three quarters past five)
  2. (Cantonese) one fourth; a quarter

Japanese

Kanji

骨

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. skeleton
  2. bone

Readings

  • Go-on: こち (kochi)←こち (koti, historical)
  • Kan-on: こつ (kotsu, Jōyō)←こつ (kotu, historical)
  • Kun: ほね (hone, 骨, Jōyō)←ほね (fone, historical); かわら (kawara)←かはら (kafara, historical)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 鐙(あぶみ)骨(こつ) (abumikotsu), 鐙(とう)骨(こつ) (tōkotsu): stapes
  • 陰(いん)茎(けい)骨(こつ) (inkeikotsu): baculum
  • 烏(う)喙(かい)骨(こつ) (ukaikotsu): coracoid (bone)
  • 烏(う)口(こう)骨(こつ) (ukōkotsu): coracoid (bone)
  • 烏(う)骨(こっ)鶏(けい) (ukokkei): silky, silkie (breed of chicken)
  • 烏(う)啄(たく)骨(こつ) (utakukotsu): coracoid (bone)
  • 顴(かん)骨(こつ) (kankotsu), 顴(けん)骨(こつ) (kenkotsu): cheekbone
  • 砧(きぬた)骨(こつ) (kinutakotsu), 砧(ちん)骨(こつ) (chinkotsu): incus
  • 胸(きょう)骨(こつ) (kyōkotsu): sternum, breastbone
  • 頬(きょう)骨(こつ) (kyōkotsu): cheekbone
  • 距(きょ)骨(こつ) (kyokotsu): anklebone
  • 鯨(げい)骨(こつ) (geikotsu): whale bone
  • 楔(けつ)状(じょう)骨(こつ) (ketsujōkotsu): cuneiform bone
  • 肩(けん)甲(こう)骨(こつ) (kenkōkotsu), 肩(けん)胛(こう)骨(こつ) (kenkōkotsu): shoulder blade
  • 骨(こっ)格(かく) (kokkaku): skeleton; framework; physique, build
  • 骨(こっ)角(かく) (kokkaku): bone and horn; a protruding, horn-like bone
  • 骨(こっ)子(し) (kosshi): the gist, the main point
  • 骨(こっ)折(せつ) (kossetsu): a bone fracture, a broken bone
  • 骨(こっ)頂(ちょう) (kotchō): (metaphorical) the height or pinnacle of something, such as "the height of folly"
  • 骨(こっ)董(とう) (kottō): an antique; something ancient and anachronistic, something very old-fashioned
  • 骨(こっ)董(とう)品(ひん) (kottōhin): an antique; something ancient and anachronistic, something very old-fashioned
  • 骨(こっ)牌(ぱい) (koppai): a certain kind of traditional Japanese playing card; a certain mah-jongg tile depicting animal bones
  • 骨(こつ)盤(ばん) (kotsuban): the pelvis
  • 鎖(さ)骨(こつ) (sakotsu): clavicle
  • 坐(ざ)骨(こつ) (zakotsu): ischium
  • 肢(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): appendicular bone
  • 指(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): phalanx
  • 趾(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): phalanx (toe bone)
  • 歯(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): dentary bone
  • 篩(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): ethmoid bone
  • 嘴(し)骨(こつ) (shikotsu): rostral bone
  • 膝(しつ)蓋(がい)骨(こつ) (shitsugaikotsu): kneecap
  • 尺(しゃっ)骨(こつ) (shakkotsu): ulna
  • 踵(しょう)骨(こつ) (shōkotsu): heel bone
  • 顳(しょう)顬(じゅ)骨(こつ) (shōjukotsu): temporal bone
  • 鋤(じょ)骨(こつ) (jokotsu): vomer bone
  • 脊(せき)椎(つい)骨(こつ) (sekitsuikotsu): vertebra
  • 接(せっ)骨(こつ) (sekkotsu): bonesetting
  • 舌(ぜつ)骨(こつ) (zetsukotsu): hyoid bone
  • 仙(せん)骨(こつ) (senkotsu): sacrum
  • 側(そく)頭(とう)骨(こつ) (sokutōkotsu): temporal bone
  • 大(だい)腿(たい)骨(こつ) (daitaikotsu): femur
  • 恥(ち)骨(こつ) (chikotsu): pubis
  • 蝶(ちょう)形(けい)骨(こつ) (chōkeikotsu): sphenoid bone
  • 椎(つい)骨(こつ) (tsuikotsu): vertebra
  • 槌(つち)骨(こつ) (tsuchikotsu), 槌(つい)骨(こつ) (tsuikotsu): malleus
  • 蹄(てい)骨(こつ) (teikotsu): coffin bone
  • 橈(とう)骨(こつ) (tōkotsu): radius
  • 頭(とう)骨(こつ) (tōkotsu): skull
  • 頭(とう)蓋(がい)骨(こつ) (tōgaikotsu), 頭(ず)蓋(がい)骨(こつ) (zugaikotsu): cranium
  • 腓(ひ)骨(こつ) (hikotsu): fibula
  • 尾(び)骨(こつ) (bikotsu): coccyx, tailbone
  • 尾(び)骶(てい)骨(こつ) (biteikotsu): coccyx, tailbone
  • 尾(び)閭(りょ)骨(こつ) (biryokotsu): coccyx, tailbone
  • 涙(るい)骨(こつ) (ruikotsu): lacrimal bone
  • 肋(ろっ)骨(こつ) (rokkotsu): rib
  • 背(せ)骨(ぼね) (sebone): backbone

Etymology 1

骨 (hone): a bone.
Kanji in this term
骨
ほね
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

/pone/ → /ɸone/ → /hone/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pənay.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ほね​ [hònéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ho̞ne̞]

Noun

骨(ほね) • (hone) 

  1. bone

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
骨
かわら
Grade: 6
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
䯊 (rare)

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”). Cognate with 瓦 (kawara, “tile, particularly for roofing or flooring”).[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ka̠ɰᵝa̠ɾa̠]

Noun

骨(かわら) • (kawara) ←かはら (kafara)?

  1. (archaic, rare) a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
骨
こつ
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kuət̚, “bone”).

The knack sense comes from the idea of the bones as the innermost core or essence of something.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) こつ [kòtsú] (Heiban – [0])[1][3] (remains, ashes)
  • (Tokyo) こつ​ [kòtsúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][3] (knack)
  • IPA(key): [ko̞t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

骨(こつ) • (kotsu) 

  1. remains, ashes
  2. knack, trick
    ネイルのコツ
    neiru no kotsu
    tricks and tips for doing one's nails
Alternative forms
  • (knack, trick): コツ (kotsu)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kuət̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527ᄲᅧ〮 (Yale: spyé)골〮 (Yale: kwól)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞ɭ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [골]

Hanja

Wikisource骨 (eumhun 뼈 골 (ppyeo gol))

  1. Hanja form? of 골 (“bone”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 골자 (骨子, golja)
  • 해골 (骸骨, haegol)
  • 노골 (露骨, nogol)
  • 유골 (遺骨, yugol)
  • 골격 (骨格, golgyeok)
  • 백골 (白骨, baekgol)
  • 연골 (軟骨, yeon'gol)
  • 척골 (脊骨, cheokgol)
  • 골수 (骨髓, golsu)
  • 골절 (骨折, goljeol)
  • 흉골 (胸骨, hyunggol)
  • 골간 (骨幹, golgan)
  • 두개골 (頭蓋骨, dugaegol)
  • 음경골 (陰莖骨, eumgyeonggol)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

骨

  • Kan-on: くち (kuchi)
  • Kun: ふに (funi)

Etymology 1

Cognate with Japanese 骨 (hone, “bone”).

Noun

骨 (hiragana ふに, romaji funi)

  1. bone
  2. frame (of a sliding paper door, etc)
  3. stem, stalk

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kuət̚, “bone”).

Noun

骨 (hiragana くち, romaji kuchi, hiragana くし, romaji kushi)

  1. remains, ashes

Vietnamese

Han character

骨: Hán Việt readings: cốt[1][2][3][4][5][6]
骨: Nôm readings: cốt[1][2][3], cót[1][3], cút[1][3], cọt[3], gút[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of cốt (“bone (compounds), extracted, condensed”).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Trần (1999).
  5. Nguyễn (1974).
  6. Thiều Chửu (1942).
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