騎

騎

See also: 骑

騎 U+9A0E, 騎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A0E ← 騍 [U+9A0D] CJK Unified Ideographs 騏 → [U+9A0F]

Translingual

Han character

騎 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+8, 18 strokes, cangjie input 尸火大一口 (SFKMR), four-corner 7432₁, composition ⿰馬奇)

Descendants

• 骑

References

• KangXi: page 1440, character 36
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44817
• Dae Jaweon: page 1964, character 31
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4560, character 8
• Unihan data for U+9A0E

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Chinese

trad.		騎
simp.		骑

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (奇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
奇	*kral, *ɡral
畸	*kral
剞	*kral, *kralʔ
羇	*kral
掎	*kral, *kralʔ, *kʰrals
攲	*kral, *kralʔ, *kʰral
躸	*kral
踦	*kralʔ, *kʰral
寄	*krals
徛	*krals, *ɡralʔ
欹	*kʰral, *qral
崎	*kʰral, *ɡɯl
觭	*kʰral, *kʰralʔ
碕	*kʰral, *kʰralʔ, *ɡral, *ɡɯl
綺	*kʰralʔ
婍	*kʰralʔ
騎	*ɡral, *ɡrals
琦	*ɡral
鵸	*ɡral
錡	*ɡral, *ɡralʔ, *ŋɡralʔ
輢	*ɡrals, *qralʔ, *qrals
齮	*ŋɡralʔ
犄	*qral
猗	*qral, *qralʔ
椅	*qral, *qralʔ
旖	*qral, *qralʔ
陭	*qral, *qrals
檹	*qral
漪	*qral
倚	*qralʔ, *qrals

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback

Etymology

Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎".

Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai:

... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi).

while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003):

The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504).

Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund.

• Lolo-Burmese: *gyi ~ dzyi: Burmese စီး (ci:), Sichuan Yi ꋩ (zzy, “to ride; to bear (a rider)”), ꊪ (zy, “to cause to ride”)
• Southwestern Tai: *kʰwiːᴮ: Thai ขี่ (kìi), Lao ຂີ່ (khī), Zhuang gwih
• Hmong-Mien: *ɟej: White Hmong caij
• Mon-Khmer: West Bahnaric *ɟih, Khmer ជិះ (cih), Vietnamese cưỡi

Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”).

Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): qí (qi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˊ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чи (či, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ke⁴, kei⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): qi²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khì

  (Meixian, Guangdong): qi²

• Jin (Wiktionary): qi¹
• Min Bei (KCR): guòi
• Min Dong (BUC): kiè / kià
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): khiâ / khâ / khî / kî

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kia⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): jji (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): qi²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qí
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cí
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi²
    • Yale: chí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
    • Palladius: ци (ci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чи (či, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ke⁴, kei⁴
    • Yale: kèh, kèih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ke⁴, kei⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ké⁴, kéi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛː²¹/, /kʰei̯²¹/

Note:

• ke4 - vernacular;
• kei4 - literary.

• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: qi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khì
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ki²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: qi²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: qi¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guòi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuɛ⁴²/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kiè / kià
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰie⁵³/, /kʰia⁵³/

Note:

• kiè - colloquial (“to ride”);
• kià - colloquial (“to straddle; to bestride”).

• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiâ
    • Tâi-lô: khiâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiaa
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰia²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰia²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰia¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khâ
    • Tâi-lô: khâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qaa
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰa²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khî
    • Tâi-lô: khî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qii
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰi²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kî
    • Tâi-lô: kî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kii
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki²⁴/

Note:

• khiâ/khâ - vernacular;
• khî/kî - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kia⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰia⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: jji (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑi²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: qi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɡˠiᴇ/

Rime
Character	騎
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	支 (13)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠羈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɛ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjiə̆/
Li Rong	/ɡje/
Wang Li	/ɡǐe/
Bernard Karlgren	/gie̯/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kei4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ɡ(r)aj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡral/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	騎
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qí
Middle Chinese	‹ gje ›
Old Chinese	/*C.ɡ(r)aj/ (~ *[Cə.ɡ](r)aj)
English	straddle; ride
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	騎
Reading #	1/2
No.	9998
Phonetic component	奇
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	竒
Old Chinese	/*ɡral/

Definitions

騎

1. to ride (a horse, bicycle, etc.)
2. to sit astride
3. (vulgar) to ride; to mount (someone in sex)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 騎 (“to ride (a bicycle)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		騎
Mandarin	Taiwan	騎
	Wanrong	騎
	Xi'an	騎
	Liuzhou	踩, 騎
	Yangzhou	騎
	Malaysia	騎
	Singapore	騎
Cantonese	Guangzhou	踩, 踹
	Hong Kong	踩, 踹
	Taishan	踩
	Dongguan	踩
Hakka	Meixian	騎, 踩
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	騎
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	騎
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	騎
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	騎
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	騎
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	騎
Min Dong	Fuzhou	騎
Min Nan	Xiamen	騎
	Quanzhou	騎
	Zhangzhou	騎
	Tainan	騎
	Penang (Hokkien)	踏
	Singapore (Hokkien)	踏
	Manila (Hokkien)	踏
	Singapore (Teochew)	踏
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	坐, 踩

Compounds

Derived terms from 騎

人善得人欺，馬善得人騎／人善得人欺，马善得人骑 (rén shàn dé rén qī, mǎ shàn dé rén qí) 倒騎／倒骑 勢如騎虎／势如骑虎 勢成騎虎／势成骑虎 帖騎／帖骑 握蛇騎虎／握蛇骑虎 旄騎／旄骑 王喬騎鶴／王乔骑鹤 輜騎／辎骑 騎上老虎／骑上老虎 騎乘／骑乘 (qíchéng) 騎兩頭馬／骑两头马 騎兵／骑兵 (qíbīng)

騎兵團／骑兵团 騎士／骑士 (qíshì) 騎士教育／骑士教育 騎射／骑射 (qíshè) 騎師／骑师 (qíshī) 騎手／骑手 (qíshǒu) 騎樓／骑楼 (qílóu) 騎牆／骑墙 (qíqiáng) 騎牆之見／骑墙之见 騎牛覓牛／骑牛觅牛 騎箕尾／骑箕尾 騎縫／骑缝 (qífèng) 騎縫章／骑缝章

騎者善墮／骑者善堕 騎虎之勢／骑虎之势 騎虎難下／骑虎难下 (qíhǔnánxià) 騎術／骑术 (qíshù) 騎車／骑车 (qíchē) 騎鞍壓馬／骑鞍压马 騎馬／骑马 (qímǎ) 騎馬尋馬／骑马寻马 騎馬找馬／骑马找马 騎驢／骑驴 騎驢覓驢／骑驴觅驴 騎鶴揚州／骑鹤扬州 騎龍／骑龙 (Qílóng)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qí, jì

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˊ, ㄐㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kei³, gei⁶
• Min Bei (KCR): gǐ
• Min Dong (BUC): gì

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qí
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cí
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi²
    • Yale: chí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
    • Palladius: ци (ci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jì
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jì
    • Wade–Giles: chi⁴
    • Yale: jì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
    • Palladius: цзи (czi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: kei³, gei⁶
    • Yale: kei, geih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kei³, gei⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: kéi³, géi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰei̯³³/, /kei̯²²/

Note:

• kei3 - vernacular;
• gei6 - literary.

• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǐ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki²¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɡˠiᴇ^H/

Rime
Character	騎
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	支 (13)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	奇寄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɛH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjiə̆H/
Li Rong	/ɡjeH/
Wang Li	/ɡǐeH/
Bernard Karlgren	/gie̯H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)aj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrals/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	騎
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qí
Middle Chinese	‹ gjeH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)aj-s/
English	rider
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	騎
Reading #	2/2
No.	10005
Phonetic component	奇
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	芰
Old Chinese	/*ɡrals/

Definitions

騎

1. horse or vehicle that one rides on
2. mounted soldier
3. (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses.
4. a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 騎

偵騎／侦骑 千乘萬騎／千乘万骑 (qiānshèngwànqí) 單騎／单骑 (dānqí) 坐騎／坐骑 (zuòqí) 彉騎／彉骑 探騎／探骑 散騎常侍／散骑常侍 斥騎／斥骑 東方騎／东方骑 梟騎／枭骑

步騎／步骑 突騎／突骑 結駟連騎／结驷连骑 緹騎／缇骑 羽騎／羽骑 胡騎／胡骑 (húqí) 說鐵騎兒／说铁骑儿 車騎／车骑 (jūjì) 輕騎／轻骑 (qīngqí) 遊騎／游骑

遊騎無歸／游骑无归 邊騎／边骑 邏騎／逻骑 鐵騎／铁骑 (tiěqí) 馬騎燈／马骑灯 騎士／骑士 (jìshì) 騎從／骑从 驃騎／骠骑 (piàoqí) 驃騎將軍／骠骑将军 (piàoqí jiāngjūn) 驍騎／骁骑 (xiāoqí)

Further reading

• “Entry #12782”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

騎

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. ride horseback
2. mount
3. cavalry

Readings

• Go-on: ぎ (gi)
• Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kun: のる (noru, 騎る)

Compounds

Compounds

• 騎(き)す (kisu)
• 騎(き)虎(こ) (kiko)
• 騎(き)行(こう) (kikō)
• 騎(き)士(し) (kishi)
• 騎(き)射(しゅ) (kishu), 騎(うま)射(ゆみ) (umayumi), 騎(ま)射(ゆみ) (mayumi)
• 騎(き)手(しゅ) (kishu)
• 騎(き)従(じゅう) (kijū)
• 騎(き)銃(じゅう) (kijū)
• 騎(き)乗(じゅう) (kijū)
• 騎(のり)尻(じり) (norijiri)
• 騎(き)戦(せん) (kisen)
• 騎(き)卒(そつ) (kisotsu)
• 騎(き)竹(ちく) (kichiku)
• 騎(き)馬(ば) (kiba)
• 騎(き)兵(へい) (kihei)
• 騎(き)用(よう) (kiyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
騎
き Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 騎 (MC ɡˠiᴇ, ɡˠiᴇ^H). Already used phonetically in Old Japanese to spell unvoiced ki, as in the place name 阿騎・安騎 (Aki, a former hunting ground in Nara).[1]

Attested as a counter in the early 1200s, and as a standalone noun in the late 1800s.[2]

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• IPA^(key): [kʲi]

Affix

騎(き) • (ki) 

1. riding on horseback
2. a horseperson

Counter

騎(き) • (-ki) 

1. [early 1200s] horseperson

Noun

騎(き) • (ki) 

1. riding on horseback
2. [1877] (rare) a horseperson

References

1. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 45), available online here (in Japanese)
2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

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Korean

Hanja

騎 (eumhun 말을 탈 기 (mareul tal gi))

1. Hanja form^? of 기 (“to ride (a horse)”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

騎: Hán Nôm readings: kị, kỵ, cưỡi, cỡi

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.