食

See also: 飠, 饣, and 良

食	U+98DF, 食 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF

← 飞
[U+98DE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

飠 →
[U+98E0]

⾷	U+2FB7, ⾷ KANGXI RADICAL EAT

← ⾶
[U+2FB6]

Kangxi Radicals

⾸ →
[U+2FB8]

⻝	U+2EDD, ⻝ CJK RADICAL EAT ONE

← ⻜
[U+2EDC]

CJK Radicals Supplement

⻞ →
[U+2EDE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Alternative forms

(when used as a left Chinese radical) 𩙿／飠／饣

Han character

食 (Kangxi radical 184, 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 8073₂, composition ⿱人良)

Kangxi radical #184, ⾷.

Derived terms

Appendix:Chinese radical/食
𠋡, 喰, 湌, 𪦿, 𣈮, 𬨷, 𮇯, 𮔣, 𨢁, 𨩭, 𩩶
𮖛, 𪞓, 䓹, 篒, 𩮍, 𧃊, 𠩸, 𫷸, 𤸤, 𫔨

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 食
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (食) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
飤	*ljɯɡs
食	lɯɡs, ɦljɯɡ
蝕	*ɦljɯɡ
飾	*hljɯɡ
飭	*l̥ʰɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) : a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ) : phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.

Etymology 1

trad.		食
simp. ^#		食
alternative forms		𠊊𩚁𩚀𩚃𠋑𠊊𩚁𩚀𩚃𠋑𨢁

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): shí (shi²)
(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ
(Chengdu, SP): si²
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шы (šɨ, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): sik⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): set⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): siit⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sṳ̍t
(Meixian, Guangdong): sed⁶ / sêd⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): seh⁵
Min Bei (KCR): sī
Min Dong (BUC): sĭk / siĕk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): si̍t / se̍k
(Teochew, Peng'im): sig⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): zeq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): shi⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shí
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
  - Wade–Giles: shih²
  - Yale: shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
  - Palladius: ши (ši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: si²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: s
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шы (šɨ, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sik⁶
  - Yale: sihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: xig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: set⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /set̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: siit⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɨt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: siid
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨt̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: sed⁶ / sêd⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /sət̚⁵/, /sɛt̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: seh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /si⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk / siĕk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/, /sieʔ⁵/

Note:

sĭk - literary;
siĕk - vernacular.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Longyan, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍t
  - Tâi-lô: si̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sit
  - IPA (Longyan): /ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕit̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕit̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɕit̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k
  - Tâi-lô: si̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sek
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiɪk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

si̍t - vernacular (Xiamen, Zhangzhou), literary (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan);
se̍k - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: sig⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sik̚⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zeq (T5)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥əʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: shi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʂi²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 食
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʂʐ̩³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ʃz̩⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xining	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/səʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ʂʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/zəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/zəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/zəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ɕi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɨʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sət̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sek̚²/
	Nanning	/sek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/sik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sik̚⁵/ /t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/sek̚⁵/ /t͡sia³³/

Middle Chinese: /ʑɨk̚/

Rime
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	船 (27)
Final (韻)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	乗力切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʑɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʑɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʑiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʑik̚/
Li Rong	/d͡ʑiək̚/
Wang Li	/d͡ʑĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-lək/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɦljɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí
Middle Chinese	‹ zyik ›
Old Chinese	/*mə-lək/
English	eat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
No.	11477
Phonetic component	食
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɦljɯɡ/

Definitions

食

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
你食咗飯未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
你食咗饭未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
nei⁵ sik⁶ zo² faan⁶ mei⁶ aa³? [Jyutping]
Have you eaten yet?
中國人係揸筷子食飯嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
中国人系揸筷子食饭嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ hai⁶ zaa¹ faai³ zi² sik⁶ faan⁶ ge³ [Jyutping]
Chinese people use chopsticks to eat with.
上星期日我同啲朋友一齊食晚飯。 [Cantonese, trad.]
上星期日我同啲朋友一齐食晚饭。 [Cantonese, simp.]
soeng⁶ sing¹ kei⁴ jat⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ di¹ pang⁴ jau⁵ jat¹ cai⁴ sik⁶ maan⁵ faan⁶. [Jyutping]
Last Sunday, I ate dinner together with my friends.
- 吾嘗終日不食，終夜不寢，以思，無益，不如學也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吾尝终日不食，终夜不寝，以思，无益，不如学也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wú cháng zhōngrì bù shí, zhōngyè bù qǐn, yǐ sī, wú yì, bùrú xué yě. [Pinyin]
  I have been the whole day without eating, and the whole night without sleeping; occupied with thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn.
(dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) to drink
- 食酒愛食竹葉青。 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
  食酒爱食竹叶青。 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
  From: 《食酒歌》
  Sṳ̍t-chiú oi sṳ̍t chuk-ya̍p-chhiâng. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
  If you drink wine, you have to drink Zhuyeqing (three-year-old Shaoxing wine).
(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
食煙／食烟 [Cantonese] ― sik⁶ jin¹ [Jyutping] ― to smoke
(Cantonese, board games) to capture
玩盲棋嘅時候，車可以食馬、炮、士、象、卒。 [Cantonese, trad.]
玩盲棋嘅时候，车可以食马、炮、士、象、卒。 [Cantonese, simp.]
waan² maang⁴ kei⁴ ge³ si⁴ hau⁶, geoi¹ ho² ji⁵ sik⁶ maa⁵, baau¹, si⁶, zoeng⁶, cyut³. [Jyutping]
When playing blind chess, a rook can capture knights, cannons, advisors, bishops or pawns.
(Cantonese, mahjong) Short for 食糊 (“to win”).
(Cantonese, figuratively) to receive; to accept; to absorb
硬食 [Cantonese] ― ngaang⁶ sik⁶ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this example)
^† meal; food
^† edible
^† Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
^† Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).

Usage notes

Cantonese and Hakka regularly use 食 to mean “to eat”, whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		食₁
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Mandarin	Beijing	吃
	Taiwan	吃
	Harbin	吃, 𠯪
	Yantai (Muping)	吃
	Jinan	吃
	Wanrong	吃
	Xi'an	吃
	Ürümqi	吃
	Wuhan	吃
	Chengdu	吃
	Chongqing	吃
	Guilin	吃, 𠯪 dated
	Liuzhou	吃
	Yangzhou	吃
	Nanjing	吃
	Hefei	吃
	Malaysia	吃
	Singapore	吃
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	吃
Cantonese	Guangzhou	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	食₁
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	食₁
	Macau	食₁
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	食₁
	Foshan	食₁
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	食₁
	Foshan (Shunde)	食₁
	Foshan (Sanshui)	食₁
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	吃
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	吃
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	吃
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	吃
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	吃
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	食₁
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	吃
	Taishan	吃
	Kaiping (Chikan)	吃
	Enping (Niujiang)	吃
	Heshan (Yayao)	食₁
	Dongguan	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	食₁
	Qingyuan	食₁
	Fogang	食₁
	Yingde (Hanguang)	食₁
	Yangshan	吃
	Lianshan (Butian)	吃
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	吃
	Shaoguan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Renhua	食₁
	Lechang	食₁
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	吃
	Sihui	吃
	Guangning	吃
	Deqing	吃
	Huaiji	吃
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	吃
	Yunfu	食₁
	Xinxing	吃
	Luoding	食₁
	Yunan (Pingtai)	吃
	Yangjiang	吃
	Xinyi	食₁
	Maoming (Xinpo)	食₁
	Lianjiang	食₁
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	吃
	Nanning	食₁
	Wuzhou	食₁
	Yulin	吃
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	吃
	Guiping	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	吃
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	吃
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	吃
	Baise	吃
Bobai	吃
Lingshan	吃
Pubei	吃
Qinzhou	食₁
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	吃
Beihai	食₁
Beihai (Nankang)	食₁
Beihai (Yingpan)	吃, 食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	食₁
Ningming	食₁
Hengxian	吃
Hezhou (Pumen)	吃
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	食₁
Danzhou	吃
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	食₁
Penang (Guangfu)	食₁
Singapore (Guangfu)	食₁
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	食₁
Móng Cái	食₁
Gan	Nanchang	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Boluo (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Zijin	食₁
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	食₁
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	食₁
	Wengyuan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Liannan	食₁
	Conghua (Lütian)	食₁
	Jiexi	食₁
	Luhe	食₁
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Yanqian)	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Tonggu (Sandu)	食₁
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	食₁
	Dayu	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	食₁
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	食₁
	Xinyi (Sihe)	食₁
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	食₁
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	食₁
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	食₁
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	食₁
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	食₁
	Mashan (Pianlian)	食₁
	Senai (Huiyang)	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
	Singapore (Meixian)	食₁
	Singapore (Dabu)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	吃
Min Bei	Jian'ou	饁
	Songxi	饁
	Zhenghe	饁
	Jianyang	饁
	Wuyishan	饁
	Pucheng (Shibei)	饁
Min Dong	Fuzhou	食₃
	Changle	食₃
	Fuqing	食₃
	Yongtai	食₃
	Gutian	食₃
	Fu'an	食₃
	Ningde	食₃
	Shouning	食₃
	Zhouning	食₃
	Fuding	食₃
	Matsu	食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Manjung (Gutian)	食₃
Min Nan	Xiamen	食₃, 唵 childish
	Quanzhou	食₃
	Jinjiang	食₃
	Yongchun	食₃
	Zhangzhou	食₃, 唵 childish
	Zhao'an	食₃
	Taipei	食₃
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	食₃
	Kaohsiung	食₃
	Yilan	食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	食₃
	Taichung	食₃
	Tainan	食₃
	Hsinchu	食₃
	Kinmen	食₃
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃
	Penang (Hokkien)	食₃
	Singapore (Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila (Hokkien)	食₃, 唵唵 childish
	Medan (Hokkien)	食₃
	Longyan	食₃
	Zhangping	食₃
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	食₃
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	食₃
	Chaozhou	食₃
	Shantou	食₃
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	食₃
	Jieyang	食₃
	Haifeng	食₃
	Bangkok (Teochew)	食₃
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Batam (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃
	Wenchang	食₃
	Haikou	食₃
	Qionghai	食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃
Puxian Min	Putian	食₃
Puxian Min	Xianyou	食₃
Min Zhong	Yong'an	饁
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	吃
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	食₃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	吃
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	吃
Wu	Shanghai	吃
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Wenzhou	吃
	Jinhua	吃
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃

Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		飲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		喝
Mandarin	Beijing	喝
	Taiwan	喝
	Harbin	喝
	Yantai (Muping)	喝
	Jinan	喝
	Luoyang	喝
	Wanrong	喝
	Xi'an	喝
	Yinchuan	喝
	Lanzhou	喝
	Xining	喝
	Ürümqi	喝
	Wuhan	喝, 呵, 汩
	Chengdu	吃, 喝
	Guiyang	吃, 喝, 汩
	Guilin	喝
	Liuzhou	吃, 喝
	Xuzhou	喝, 吃
	Yangzhou	吃, 喝
	Nanjing	吃, 喝
	Hefei	喝
	Malaysia	喝
	Singapore	喝
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	喝
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	飲
	Macau	飲
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	飲
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	飲
	Foshan	飲
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	飲
	Foshan (Shunde)	飲
	Foshan (Sanshui)	飲
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	飲
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	飲
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	飲
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	飲
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	飲
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	飲
	Taishan	飲
	Kaiping (Chikan)	飲
	Enping (Niujiang)	飲
	Heshan (Yayao)	飲
	Dongguan	飲, 食₁, 呷
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	飲
	Yangjiang	呷, 吃
	Wuzhou	飲
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	飲
	Qinzhou	飲
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	飲
	Beihai	食₁
	Beihai (Nankang)	飲
	Beihai (Yingpan)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	飲
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	飲, 食₁
	Danzhou	吃
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	飲
	Penang (Guangfu)	飲
	Singapore (Guangfu)	飲
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	飲
	Móng Cái	飲
Gan	Nanchang	吃
	Lichuan	吃
	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁, 啉, 飲, 啜
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	飲
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁, 飲
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Conghua (Lütian)	飲
	Jiexi	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	啉, 食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁, 飲, 啉
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	喝
Jin	Xinzhou	喝
Min Bei	Jian'ou	啜, 饁
Min Dong	Fuzhou	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Manjung (Gutian)	食₃
Min Nan	Xiamen	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	啉
	Quanzhou	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Jinjiang	啉
	Zhangzhou	啉, 食₃, 啜 usually soup
	Zhao'an	食₃, 啉
	Taipei	啉
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	啉
	Kaohsiung	啉
	Yilan	啉, 哈, 食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	啉
	Taichung	啉
	Tainan	啉, 哈, 食₃, 灌
	Hsinchu	啉, 哈
	Kinmen	啉
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃, 啉
	Penang (Hokkien)	啉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	啉
	Manila (Hokkien)	啉
	Medan (Hokkien)	啉
	Chaozhou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃, 啉
	Jieyang	食₃, 啉
	Haifeng	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃, 啉
	Leizhou	啜, 食₃
	Wenchang	啜, 食₃
	Haikou	啜, 食₃
	Qionghai	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃, 啜
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	飲
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	飲
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	飲, 吃, 呷
Wu	Shanghai	吃, 呷, 呼
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃, 呷, 呼
	Danyang	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	吃
	Ningbo	吃
	Wenzhou	呷, 吃
	Jinhua	吃, 呷
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃, 呵

Compounds

Derived terms from 食

不食
不食之地
不食周粟
丐食
主食 (zhǔshí)
乞食 (qǐshí)
井渫不食
仰食 (yǎngshí)
伴食
伴食宰相
侑食
供食 (gōngshí)
侯服玉食
假食
偏食 (piānshí)
停食
偷食 (tōushí)
冇啖好食
冷食 (lěngshí)
列鼎而食
副食 (fùshí)
北食
口食
吃偏食
吃白食
吒食
吞食 (tūnshí)
吸食 (xīshí)
呃鬼食豆腐
品食
哺食
唔熟唔食
啃食
啄食
啖食
坐食 (zuòshí)
堂食 (tángshí)
夕食
夜食
大食 (Dàshí)
天狗食月 (tiāngǒu shíyuè)
好食
存食
宵衣旰食 (xiāoyīgànshí)
家食
寄食 (jìshí)
寒食 (hánshí)
小食 (xiǎoshí)
少食多滋味
少食多餐
就食 (jiùshí)
工食
巴蛇食象
市食
布衣蔬食 (bùyīshūshí)
弊衣疏食
忘食 (wàngshí)
打野食
打食
找野食
挑食 (tiāoshí)
捕食 (bǔshí)
掠食者 (lüèshízhě)
推食解衣
攫食
攻苦食淡
施食 (shīshí)
旅食
日食 (rìshí)
旰食
旰食宵衣
昃食宵衣
易子而食 (yìzǐ'érshí)
春盛食罍
晡食
暇食
暴食 (bàoshí)
月全食 (yuèquánshí)
月食 (yuèshí)
服食 (fúshí)
朝趁暮食
朝食 (zhāoshí)
木食
果食
毛食
民患淡食
民食 (mínshí)
流食 (liúshí)
消食 (xiāoshí)
游手游食
游食之民
火食
熟食 (shúshí)
犬彘之食
狗彘不食
狗食
狼卜食
玉食
甘食褕衣
甜食 (tiánshí)
生食 (shēngshí)
疏食 (shūshí)
白衣大食
白食 (báishí)
禁食 (jìnshí)
福食 (fúshí)
稍食
粉食
粗衣劣食
粗食 (cūshí)
糖食 (tángshí)
素食 (sùshí)
缺衣少食 (quēyīshǎoshí)
美衣玉食
美食 (měishí)
耳食 (ěrshí)
耳食之言
膈食病
膳食 (shànshí)
自食其力 (zìshíqílì)
自食其果 (zìshíqíguǒ)
草衣木食
菲食薄衣
蒸食
蔬食 (shūshí)
藿食
血食
行食
衣帛食肉
衣食 (yīshí)
褐衣疏食
褕衣甘食
解衣推食
足食足兵
退食
逐食
速食 (sùshí)
酒食 (jiǔshí)
金衣玉食
零食 (língshí)
靡衣偷食
靡衣玉食

食不下咽
食不二味
食不充口
食不兼味
食不果腹 (shíbùguǒfù)
食不求甘
食不甘味
食不知味
食不累味
食不遑味
食不重味
食不重肉
食住上
食俸
食具 (shíjù)
食前方丈
食力 (shílì)
食古不化 (shígǔbùhuà)
食味方丈
食品 (shípǐn)
食器 (shíqì)
食土
食地
食堂 (shítáng)
食塞米
食墨
食字
食宜 (shíyí)
食客 (shíkè)
食宿 (shísù)
食忌
食性
食指 (shízhǐ)
食指浩繁
食料 (shíliào)
食既
食格棍
食次
食水 (shíshuǐ)
食油 (shíyóu)
食波餠
食洋不化
食物 (shíwù)
食玉炊桂
食用 (shíyòng)
食用根
食用色素 (shíyòng sèsù)
食白果
食盒
食碗面反碗底
食管 (shíguǎn)
食糖 (shítáng)
食罍
食老本
食而不化
食膳
食自己
食色性也 (shísèxìngyě)
食茱萸
食衣住行
食言 (shíyán)
食豆腐
食道 (shídào)
食邑 (shíyì)
食量 (shíliàng)
食面
食髓知味
餐松食柏
鬼食泥
鼎食 (dǐngshí)
喂偏食
尺板斗食
并日而食
斗食
荐食
一食萬錢／一食万钱
不甘食貧／不甘食贫
不食煙火／不食烟火
伙食團／伙食团
伙食費／伙食费
伴食中書／伴食中书
傷食／伤食 (shāngshí)
半夜食黃瓜／半夜食黄瓜
卑宮菲食／卑宫菲食
即食麵／即食面 (jíshímiàn)
厭食／厌食 (yànshí)
厭食症／厌食症 (yànshízhèng)
吃獨食／吃独食 (chī dúshí)
吃自來食／吃自来食
單食性／单食性
嗟來之食／嗟来之食 (jiēláizhīshí)
嗟來食／嗟来食
因噎廢食／因噎废食 (yīnyēfèishí)
媮食／偷食
寢皮食肉／寝皮食肉
寢食／寝食 (qǐnshí)
寢食不安／寝食不安 (qǐnshíbù'ān)
寢食俱廢／寝食俱废
寢食難安／寝食难安 (qǐnshínán'ān)
將食／将食
對食／对食 (duìshí)
布衣糲食／布衣粝食
幫狗吃食／帮狗吃食
幫虎吃食／帮虎吃食
廟食／庙食
廢寢忘食／废寝忘食 (fèiqǐnwàngshí)
廢寢輟食／废寝辍食
廢食忘寢／废食忘寝
廩食／廪食 (lǐnshí)
忘寢廢食／忘寝废食
快食麵／快食面
惡衣惡食／恶衣恶食
惡衣糲食／恶衣粝食
惡衣菲食／恶衣菲食
惡衣蔬食／恶衣蔬食
惡食／恶食
托葷鹹食／托荤咸食
揀衣挑食／拣衣挑食
揀飲擇食／拣饮择食
搖尾求食／摇尾求食
搵食／揾食
擇食／择食
擊鐘鼎食／击钟鼎食
攝食／摄食 (shèshí)
斷頭食／断头食
旰食之勞／旰食之劳
晚食當肉／晚食当肉
晝食／昼食
暴飲暴食／暴饮暴食 (bàoyǐnbàoshí)
替狗奪食／替狗夺食
會食／会食
月盈則食／月盈则食
東食西宿／东食西宿
棲梧食竹／栖梧食竹
殺衣縮食／杀衣缩食
沒見食面／没见食面
浮頭食／浮头食
滅此朝食／灭此朝食 (miècǐzhāoshí)
漂母進食／漂母进食
濁酒粗食／浊酒粗食 (zhuójiǔ cūshí)
濾食／滤食
灌園食力／灌园食力

為食／为食
煙火食／烟火食
燕子銜食／燕子衔食
獨食／独食
獵食／猎食 (lièshí)
率獸食人／率兽食人
玉食錦衣／玉食锦衣
疏食飲水／疏食饮水
發憤忘食／发愤忘食 (fāfènwàngshí)
發誓當食生菜／发誓当食生菜
盛食厲兵／盛食厉兵
祿食／禄食
穀食／谷食 (gǔshí)
節衣縮食／节衣缩食 (jiéyīsuōshí)
節食／节食 (jiéshí)
節食縮衣／节食缩衣
粗衣惡食／粗衣恶食
粗衣糲食／粗衣粝食
糧食／粮食 (liángshí)
糲食粗衣／粝食粗衣
糲食粗餐／粝食粗餐
細食／细食
終食之間／终食之间
絕食／绝食 (juéshí)
縮衣節食／缩衣节食
繫而不食／系而不食
缺食無衣／缺食无衣
耳食之聞／耳食之闻
耳食之談／耳食之谈
臨食廢箸／临食废箸
自食惡果／自食恶果
菲衣惡食／菲衣恶食
菲食卑宮／菲食卑宫
葷食／荤食
藥食同源／药食同源
虎頭食肉／虎头食肉
蠶食／蚕食 (cánshí)
蠶食鯨吞／蚕食鲸吞 (cánshíjīngtūn)
衛星食／卫星食
衣租食稅／衣租食税
衣豐食足／衣丰食足
衣豐食飽／衣丰食饱
衣錦食肉／衣锦食肉
見噎廢食／见噎废食
覓衣求食／觅衣求食
覓食／觅食 (mìshí)
解驂推食／解骖推食
託食／托食
誓願當食生菜／誓愿当食生菜
謀食／谋食
識食／识食
豐衣足食／丰衣足食 (fēngyīzúshí)
貓兒食／猫儿食
貼食／贴食
賦食行水／赋食行水
賴衣求食／赖衣求食
足食豐衣／足食丰衣
輟食吐哺／辍食吐哺
辛苦搵來志在食／辛苦揾来志在食
進食／进食 (jìnshí)
遊手遊食／游手游食
遊食／游食
遛食兒／遛食儿
野食兒／野食儿
錦衣玉食／锦衣玉食 (jǐnyīyùshí)
鐘鳴鼎食／钟鸣鼎食 (zhōngmíngdǐngshí)
鑿飲耕食／凿饮耕食
閑食／闲食
陳食／陈食
雞鶩爭食／鸡鹜争食
順口食／顺口食
頭食／头食
食下晝／食下昼
食不充腸／食不充肠
食不充飢／食不充饥
食不念飽／食不念饱
食不暇飽／食不暇饱
食不求飽／食不求饱
食不異肉／食不异肉
食不終味／食不终味
食不餬口／食不糊口
食人魚／食人鱼 (shírényú)
食人鯊／食人鲨
食人鯧／食人鲳 (shírénchāng)
食單／食单 (shídān)
食壘／食垒
食夾棍／食夹棍
食少事煩／食少事烦
食屎屙飯／食屎屙饭
食廩餼／食廪饩
食慾／食欲 (shíyù)
食指大動／食指大动
食日萬錢／食日万钱
食死貓／食死猫
食毛踐土／食毛践土
食氣／食气
食火雞／食火鸡 (shíhuǒjī)
食無定時／食无定时
食無情雞／食无情鸡
食無求飽／食无求饱
食煙／食烟
食環署／食环署 (Shíhuánshǔ)
食療／食疗 (shíliáo)
食租衣稅／食租衣税
食穀種／食谷种
食積／食积
食糧／食粮 (shíliáng)
食肉寢皮／食肉寝皮 (shíròuqǐnpí)
食腦／食脑
食螺絲／食螺丝
食蟲植物／食虫植物
食蟲虻／食虫虻
食蟻獸／食蚁兽 (shíyǐshòu)
食補／食补 (shíbǔ)
食譜／食谱 (shípǔ)
食貓麵／食猫面
食貨／食货
食貨志／食货志
食過返尋味／食过返寻味
食頃／食顷
食頭路／食头路 (sṳ̍t-thèu-lu)
食飯／食饭 (sik6 faan6)
食鹽／食盐 (shíyán)
食齋／食斋
飢不擇食／饥不择食 (jībùzéshí)
飢虎撲食／饥虎扑食
飯食／饭食 (fànshí)
飲冰食蘗／饮冰食蘗
飲水食菽／饮水食菽
飲食／饮食 (yǐnshí)
飽食／饱食 (bǎoshí)
餓虎撲食／饿虎扑食
餘食贅行／余食赘行
餵食／喂食 (wèishí)
饋食／馈食
馬食／马食
鮮食／鲜食
鳥食／鸟食
鷇食／𬆮食
麵食／面食 (miànshí)
鼎食鳴鐘／鼎食鸣钟
齋居蔬食／斋居蔬食

Etymology 2

trad.		食
simp. ^#		食
alternative forms		𠊊

The *s- causative of Etymology 1.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sì (si⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄙˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zi⁶
Min Dong (BUC): sê̤ṳ
Min Nan (Teochew, Peng'im): se⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sì
  - Zhuyin: ㄙˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sìh
  - Wade–Giles: ssŭ⁴
  - Yale: sz̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syh
  - Palladius: сы (sy)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi⁶
  - Yale: jih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː²²/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sê̤ṳ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /søy²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: se⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̆
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯ³⁵/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s-m-lək-s/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	食
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sì
Middle Chinese	‹ zi^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s-m-lək-s/
English	feed (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

食

^† Original form of 飼／饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).
- 故孝子不以食其親，忠臣不以食其君。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故孝子不以食其亲，忠臣不以食其君。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE
  Gù xiàozǐ bù yǐ sì qí qīn, zhōngchén bù yǐ sì qí jūn. [Pinyin]
  Thus a filial son will not feed it (the medicine) to his parent and a loyal minister will not feed it (the medicine) to his king.

Etymology 3

trad.		食
simp. ^#		食
alternative forms		吃呷噍

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).

While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (OC *zewɢ, “to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

Pronunciation

Min Dong (BUC): siăh^→siĕh
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chia̍h / chiā / chǎ
(Teochew, Peng'im): ziah⁸

Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siăh^→siĕh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sieʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Penang, Singapore, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsia̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciah
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡ɕiaʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Lukang): /t͡ɕiaʔ³⁵/
  - IPA (Singapore): /t͡ɕiaʔ⁴³/
  - IPA (Kinmen): /t͡ɕiaʔ⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiaʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Penang): /t͡ɕiaʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiā
  - Tâi-lô: tsiā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cia
  - IPA (Yilan): /t͡ɕia³³/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǎ
  - Tâi-lô: tsǎ
  - IPA (Longyan): /t͡sa⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziah⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsia̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaʔ⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 食
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʂʐ̩³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ʃz̩⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xining	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/səʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ʂʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/zəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/zəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/zəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ɕi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɨʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sət̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sek̚²/
	Nanning	/sek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/sik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sik̚⁵/ /t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡siaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/sek̚⁵/ /t͡sia³³/

Definitions

食

(Coastal Min) to eat; to have a meal
食飯／食饭 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h-pn̄g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to eat rice; to have a meal
汝食飽未？／汝食饱未？ [Hokkien] ― Lí chia̍h pá bōe? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Have you eaten yet?
(Coastal Min) to drink
食茶 [Teochew] ― ziah⁸ tê⁵ [Peng'im] ― to drink tea
食燒酒／食烧酒 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h sio-chiú [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to drink rice wine
(Coastal Min) to take in; to inhale
食薰 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h-hun [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to inhale smoke; to smoke
(Malaysia and Singapore Hokkien) to embezzle (money)
食鐳／食镭 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h-lui [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to embezzle money
(Hokkien, mahjong) to chow
(Teochew; Penang Hokkien)[1] cuisine
Synonym: 菜 (cài)
廣東食／广东食 [Teochew] ― [translit?] [Peng'im] ― Guangdong food

Usage notes

When playing mahjong in Hokkien, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		食₁
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Mandarin	Beijing	吃
	Taiwan	吃
	Harbin	吃, 𠯪
	Yantai (Muping)	吃
	Jinan	吃
	Wanrong	吃
	Xi'an	吃
	Ürümqi	吃
	Wuhan	吃
	Chengdu	吃
	Chongqing	吃
	Guilin	吃, 𠯪 dated
	Liuzhou	吃
	Yangzhou	吃
	Nanjing	吃
	Hefei	吃
	Malaysia	吃
	Singapore	吃
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	吃
Cantonese	Guangzhou	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	食₁
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	食₁
	Macau	食₁
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	食₁
	Foshan	食₁
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	食₁
	Foshan (Shunde)	食₁
	Foshan (Sanshui)	食₁
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	吃
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	吃
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	吃
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	吃
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	吃
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	食₁
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	吃
	Taishan	吃
	Kaiping (Chikan)	吃
	Enping (Niujiang)	吃
	Heshan (Yayao)	食₁
	Dongguan	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	食₁
	Qingyuan	食₁
	Fogang	食₁
	Yingde (Hanguang)	食₁
	Yangshan	吃
	Lianshan (Butian)	吃
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	吃
	Shaoguan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Renhua	食₁
	Lechang	食₁
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	吃
	Sihui	吃
	Guangning	吃
	Deqing	吃
	Huaiji	吃
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	吃
	Yunfu	食₁
	Xinxing	吃
	Luoding	食₁
	Yunan (Pingtai)	吃
	Yangjiang	吃
	Xinyi	食₁
	Maoming (Xinpo)	食₁
	Lianjiang	食₁
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	吃
	Nanning	食₁
	Wuzhou	食₁
	Yulin	吃
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	吃
	Guiping	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	吃
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	吃
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	吃
	Baise	吃
Bobai	吃
Lingshan	吃
Pubei	吃
Qinzhou	食₁
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	吃
Beihai	食₁
Beihai (Nankang)	食₁
Beihai (Yingpan)	吃, 食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	食₁
Ningming	食₁
Hengxian	吃
Hezhou (Pumen)	吃
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	食₁
Danzhou	吃
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	食₁
Penang (Guangfu)	食₁
Singapore (Guangfu)	食₁
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	食₁
Móng Cái	食₁
Gan	Nanchang	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Boluo (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Zijin	食₁
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	食₁
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	食₁
	Wengyuan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Liannan	食₁
	Conghua (Lütian)	食₁
	Jiexi	食₁
	Luhe	食₁
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Yanqian)	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Tonggu (Sandu)	食₁
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	食₁
	Dayu	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	食₁
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	食₁
	Xinyi (Sihe)	食₁
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	食₁
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	食₁
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	食₁
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	食₁
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	食₁
	Mashan (Pianlian)	食₁
	Senai (Huiyang)	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
	Singapore (Meixian)	食₁
	Singapore (Dabu)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	吃
Min Bei	Jian'ou	饁
	Songxi	饁
	Zhenghe	饁
	Jianyang	饁
	Wuyishan	饁
	Pucheng (Shibei)	饁
Min Dong	Fuzhou	食₃
	Changle	食₃
	Fuqing	食₃
	Yongtai	食₃
	Gutian	食₃
	Fu'an	食₃
	Ningde	食₃
	Shouning	食₃
	Zhouning	食₃
	Fuding	食₃
	Matsu	食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Manjung (Gutian)	食₃
Min Nan	Xiamen	食₃, 唵 childish
	Quanzhou	食₃
	Jinjiang	食₃
	Yongchun	食₃
	Zhangzhou	食₃, 唵 childish
	Zhao'an	食₃
	Taipei	食₃
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	食₃
	Kaohsiung	食₃
	Yilan	食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	食₃
	Taichung	食₃
	Tainan	食₃
	Hsinchu	食₃
	Kinmen	食₃
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃
	Penang (Hokkien)	食₃
	Singapore (Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila (Hokkien)	食₃, 唵唵 childish
	Medan (Hokkien)	食₃
	Longyan	食₃
	Zhangping	食₃
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	食₃
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	食₃
	Chaozhou	食₃
	Shantou	食₃
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	食₃
	Jieyang	食₃
	Haifeng	食₃
	Bangkok (Teochew)	食₃
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Batam (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃
	Wenchang	食₃
	Haikou	食₃
	Qionghai	食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃
Puxian Min	Putian	食₃
Puxian Min	Xianyou	食₃
Min Zhong	Yong'an	饁
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	吃
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	食₃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	吃
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	吃
Wu	Shanghai	吃
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Wenzhou	吃
	Jinhua	吃
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃

Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		飲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		喝
Mandarin	Beijing	喝
	Taiwan	喝
	Harbin	喝
	Yantai (Muping)	喝
	Jinan	喝
	Luoyang	喝
	Wanrong	喝
	Xi'an	喝
	Yinchuan	喝
	Lanzhou	喝
	Xining	喝
	Ürümqi	喝
	Wuhan	喝, 呵, 汩
	Chengdu	吃, 喝
	Guiyang	吃, 喝, 汩
	Guilin	喝
	Liuzhou	吃, 喝
	Xuzhou	喝, 吃
	Yangzhou	吃, 喝
	Nanjing	吃, 喝
	Hefei	喝
	Malaysia	喝
	Singapore	喝
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	喝
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	飲
	Macau	飲
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	飲
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	飲
	Foshan	飲
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	飲
	Foshan (Shunde)	飲
	Foshan (Sanshui)	飲
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	飲
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	飲
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	飲
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	飲
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	飲
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	飲
	Taishan	飲
	Kaiping (Chikan)	飲
	Enping (Niujiang)	飲
	Heshan (Yayao)	飲
	Dongguan	飲, 食₁, 呷
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	飲
	Yangjiang	呷, 吃
	Wuzhou	飲
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	飲
	Qinzhou	飲
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	飲
	Beihai	食₁
	Beihai (Nankang)	飲
	Beihai (Yingpan)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	飲
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	飲, 食₁
	Danzhou	吃
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	飲
	Penang (Guangfu)	飲
	Singapore (Guangfu)	飲
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	飲
	Móng Cái	飲
Gan	Nanchang	吃
	Lichuan	吃
	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁, 啉, 飲, 啜
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	飲
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁, 飲
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Conghua (Lütian)	飲
	Jiexi	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	啉, 食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁, 飲, 啉
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	喝
Jin	Xinzhou	喝
Min Bei	Jian'ou	啜, 饁
Min Dong	Fuzhou	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Manjung (Gutian)	食₃
Min Nan	Xiamen	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	啉
	Quanzhou	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Jinjiang	啉
	Zhangzhou	啉, 食₃, 啜 usually soup
	Zhao'an	食₃, 啉
	Taipei	啉
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	啉
	Kaohsiung	啉
	Yilan	啉, 哈, 食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	啉
	Taichung	啉
	Tainan	啉, 哈, 食₃, 灌
	Hsinchu	啉, 哈
	Kinmen	啉
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃, 啉
	Penang (Hokkien)	啉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	啉
	Manila (Hokkien)	啉
	Medan (Hokkien)	啉
	Chaozhou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃, 啉
	Jieyang	食₃, 啉
	Haifeng	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃, 啉
	Leizhou	啜, 食₃
	Wenchang	啜, 食₃
	Haikou	啜, 食₃
	Qionghai	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃, 啜
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	飲
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	飲
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	飲, 吃, 呷
Wu	Shanghai	吃, 呷, 呼
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃, 呷, 呼
	Danyang	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	吃
	Ningbo	吃
	Wenzhou	呷, 吃
	Jinhua	吃, 呷
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃, 呵

Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to chow (mahjong)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Mandarin	Singapore	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	上
Min Nan	Taipei	食₃ GT
Min Nan	Singapore (Hokkien)	食₃
Wu	Ningbo	吃
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

歹食 (pháiⁿ-chia̍h)
趁食 (thàn-chia̍h)
食暗 (chia̍h-àm)

食老 (chia̍h-lāu)
歪喙雞食好米／歪喙鸡食好米 (oai chhùi ke chia̍h hó bí)
討食／讨食 (thó-chia̍h)

食好鬥相報／食好斗相报 (chia̍h hó tàu sio-pò)
食飽／食饱 (chia̍h-pá)

Descendants

→ Indonesian: ciak
→ Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Etymology 4

trad.		食
simp. ^#		食
alternative forms		饁／馌

From Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (“to eat”). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from 饁 (OC *ɢrab, “to carry food to workers in the field”) (Norman, 1991; Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Min Bei (KCR): iè

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iè
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛ⁴²/

Definitions

食

(Inland Min) to eat

Etymology 5

trad.		食
simp. ^#		食

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁶
  - Yale: yih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː²²/

Middle Chinese: /jɨ^H/

Rime
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	羊吏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/jɨ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ie^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨ^H/
Li Rong	/iə^H/
Wang Li	/jĭə^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*lɯɡs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	食
Reading #	1/2
No.	11476
Phonetic component	食
Rime group	代
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	異
Old Chinese	/*lɯɡs/

Definitions

食

^† Used in personal names.
酈食其／郦食其 ― Lì Yìjī ― Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

References

Catherine Churchman (2021), “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, in Sinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas‎, Brill, DOI:10.1163/9789004473263_007

“食”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #5589”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Shinjitai	食
Kyūjitai [1][2]	食󠄁 食+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	食󠄃 食+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

食

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

to eat
a meal

Readings

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC ʑɨk̚); compare Mandarin 食 (shí):

Go-on: じき (jiki, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: しょく (shoku, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC zɨ^H); compare Mandarin 食 (sì):

Go-on: じ (ji)
Kan-on: し (shi)

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC jɨ^H); compare Mandarin 食 (yì):

Go-on: い (i)
Kan-on: い (i)

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: くう (kuu, 食う, Jōyō)^{←くふ (kufu, historical)}; くらう (kurau, 食らう, Jōyō)^{←くらふ (kurafu, historical)}; たべる (taberu, 食べる, Jōyō); はむ (hamu, 食む); すく (suku, 食く); おし (oshi, 食し); おす (osu, 食す); たぐ (tagu, 食ぐ); たぶ (tabu, 食ぶ); いい (ī, 食)^{←いひ (ifi, historical)}; うか (uka, 食); うけ (uke, 食); け (ke, 食); し (shi, 食)
Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); うけ (uke); くら (kura); け (ke); みけ (mike)

Compounds

食(じき)堂(どう) (jikidō)
食(じき)封(ふ) (jikifu)
餌(え)食(じき) (ejiki)
断(だん)食(じき) (danjiki)
食(た)べ物(もの) (tabemono)
共(とも)食(ぐ)い (tomogui)
気(き)に食(く)わない (ki ni kuwanai)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
食
うか Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Unbound apophonic form 食 (uke).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝka̠]

Noun

食(うか) • (uka)

food
grain

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
食
うけ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

uka + i → uke₂ → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝke̞]

Noun

食(うけ) • (uke)

food

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
食
け Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Cognate with 笥 (ke).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ke̞]

Noun

食(け) • (ke)

food
御(み)食(け)つ国(くに)
mi ke tsu kuni
the land of foods

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
食
しょく Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC ʑɨk̚).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しょく [shòkú] (Heiban – [0])[3][4]
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

食(しょく) • (shoku)

a meal
foodstuff

Derived terms

食(しょく)塩(えん) (shokuen)
食(しょく)事(じ) (shokuji)
食(しょく)餌(じ) (shokuji)
食(しょく)尽(じん) (shokujin)
食(しょく)卓(たく) (shokutaku)
食(しょく)道(どう) (shokudō)
食(しょく)堂(どう) (shokudō)
食(しょく)費(ひ) (shokuhi)
食(しょく)品(ひん) (shokuhin)
食(しょく)封(ほう) (shokuhō)
食(しょく)物(もつ) (shokumotsu)
食(しょく)欲(よく) (shokuyoku)
食(しょく)料(りょう) (shokuryō)
食(しょく)糧(りょう) (shokuryō)
飲(いん)食(しょく) (inshoku)
会(かい)食(しょく) (kaishoku)
軽(けい)食(しょく) (keishoku)
月(げっ)食(しょく) (gesshoku)
菜(さい)食(しょく) (saishoku)
蚕(さん)食(しょく) (sanshoku)
侵(しん)食(しょく) (shinshoku)
浸(しん)食(しょく) (shinshoku)
絶(ぜっ)食(しょく) (zesshoku)
朝(ちょう)食(しょく) (chōshoku)
昼(ちゅう)食(しょく) (chūshoku)
日(にっ)食(しょく) (nisshoku)
陪(ばい)食(しょく) (baishoku)
伴(ばん)食(しょく) (banshoku)
腐(ふ)食(しょく) (fushoku)
米(べい)食(しょく) (beishoku)
偏(へん)食(しょく) (henshoku)
飽(ほう)食(しょく) (hōshoku)
夜(や)食(しょく) (yashoku)
夕(ゆう)食(しょく) (yūshoku)
糧(りょう)食(しょく) (ryōshoku)
食(しょく)中(ちゅう)毒(どく) (shokuchūdoku)
衣(い)食(しょく)住(じゅう) (ishokujū)
皆(かい)既(き)食(しょく) (kaikishoku)
和食(わしょく) (washoku)
洋食(ようしょく) (yōshoku)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
食
しょく Grade: 2
kan’on

Alternative spelling
蝕

From Middle Chinese 蝕 (MC ʑɨk̚, “to eat away at, to erode; to eclipse”), originally the same word in Old Chinese as 食 (MC ʑɨk̚, “to eat”).

First attested in the 延喜式 (Engishiki) of 927.[5]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しょく [shóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4]
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

食(しょく) • (shoku)

[from 927] 食, 蝕: (astronomy) eclipse (often, but not exclusively, of the sun or the moon)
Synonyms: 日食 (nisshoku, “solar eclipse”), 月食 (gesshoku, “lunar eclipse”)
- 2015, 田原真人, これだけ! 高校物理波･音･光波動編, 秀和システム, →ISBN, page 97:
  レーマーが木(もく)星(せい)の衛(えい)星(せい)の１(ひと)つであるイオの食(しょく)の周(しゅう)期(き)を測(そく)定(てい)したところ、一(いっ)定(てい)ではなく、地(ち)球(きゅう)の公(こう)転(てん)に伴(ともな)い変(へん)動(どう)することがわかりました。
  Rēmā ga Mokusei no eisei no hitotsu de aru Io no shoku no shūki o sokutei shita tokoro, ittei de wa naku, Chikyū no kōten ni tomonai hendō suru koto ga wakarimashita.
  When Rømer measured the period of the eclipses of Io, one of Jupiter's satellites, he discovered that it was not constant but fluctuated with the Earth's revolution.

Verb

食(しょく)する • (shoku suru) suru (stem 食(しょく)し (shoku shi), past 食(しょく)した (shoku shita))

[from 927] 食, 蝕: (astronomy) to eclipse (often, but not exclusively, the sun or the moon)
Synonyms: 日食する (nisshoku suru, “to eclipse the sun”), 月食する (gesshoku suru, “to eclipse the moon”)

Inflection

Conjugation of "食する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	食し	しょくし	shoku shi
Continuative (連用形)	食し	しょくし	shoku shi
Terminal (終止形)	食する	しょくする	shoku suru
Attributive (連体形)	食する	しょくする	shoku suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	食すれ	しょくすれ	shoku sure
Imperative (命令形)	食せよ¹ 食しろ²	しょくせよ¹ しょくしろ²	shoku seyo¹ shoku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	食される	しょくされる	shoku sareru
Causative	食させる食さす	しょくさせるしょくさす	shoku saseru shoku sasu
Potential	食できる	しょくできる	shoku dekiru
Volitional	食しよう	しょくしよう	shoku shiyō
Negative	食しない	しょくしない	shoku shinai
Negative continuative	食せず	しょくせず	shoku sezu
Formal	食します	しょくします	shoku shimasu
Perfective	食した	しょくした	shoku shita
Conjunctive	食して	しょくして	shoku shite
Hypothetical conditional	食すれば	しょくすれば	shoku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 2332 (paper), page 1218 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1372 (paper), page 699 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)
2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
“蝕・食”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC ʑɨk̚).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 씩〮 (Yale: ssík) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 식〯 (sǐk)^訓 (Yale: sǐk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 식 ( sik)^訓 (Yale: sik) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɕʰik̚]
Phonetic hangul: [식]

Hanja

Wikisource食 (eumhun 밥 식 (bap sik))
食 (eumhun 먹을 식 (meogeul sik))

Hanja form^? of 식 (“meal; food”).
(literary) Hanja form^? of 식 (“to eat”).
- 1919, 기미 독립 선언서(己未獨立宣言書) (gimi dongnip seoneonseo) [Proclamation of Korean Independence]:
  丙子修好條規(병자수호조규) 以來(이래)時時種種(시시종종)의金石盟約(금석맹약)을食(식)하얏다 하야 日本(일본)의無信(무신)을 罪(죄)하려 안이 하노라.
  Byeongjasuhojogyu irae sisijongjong-ui geumseongmaeng-yageul sikhayatda haya Ilbonui musineul joeharyeo ani hanora.
  Though Japan has repeatedly "eaten" (violated) their promises since the Treaty of 1876, we do not here condemn their perfidy.

Compounds

식객 (食客, sikgaek)
식구 (食口, sikgu)
식권 (食券, sikgwon)
식기 (食器, sikgi)
식당 (食堂, sikdang)
식량 (食糧, singnyang)
식료 (食料, singnyo)
식사 (食事, siksa)
식욕 (食慾/食欲, sigyok)
식초 (食醋, sikcho)
식탁 (食卓, siktak)
식품 (食品, sikpum)
간식 (間食, gansik)`
고식 (孤食, gosik)
곡식 (穀食, goksik)
단식 (斷食, dansik)
소식 (蔬食, sosik)
양식 (洋食, yangsik)
월식 (月食, wolsik)
음식 (飮食, eumsik)
일식 (日食, ilsik)
잠식 (蠶食, jamsik)
절식 (絶食, jeolsik)
주식 (主食, jusik)
중식 (中食, jungsik)
채식 (菜食, chaesik)
포식 (捕食, posik)
폭식 (暴食, poksik)
한식 (韓食, hansik)
식생활 (食生活, siksaenghwal)
식용유 (食用油, sigyong'yu)
식인종 (食人種, siginjong)
식중독 (食中毒, sikjungdok)
몰식자 (沒食子, molsikja)
약육강식 (弱肉強食, yagyukgangsik)

Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 飼 (MC zɨ^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄊᆞᆼ〮 (Yale: ssó) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞ (so)^訓 (Yale: so) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠]
Phonetic hangul: [사]

Hanja

食 (eumhun 먹이 사 (meogi sa))

(literary) Hanja form^? of 사 (“feed”).

Compounds

사기 (食氣, sagi)
단사 (簞食, dansa)
소사 (疏食, sosa)
숙사 (宿食, suksa)
반소사 (飯疏食, bansosa)

Etymology 3

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC jɨ^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 잉〮 (Yale: í) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Hanja

食 (eumhun 사람 이름 이 (saram ireum i))

Hanja form^? of 이 (“used in personal names”).

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

食

Kun: かむん (食むん, khamun)

Miyako

Kanji

食

Kun: ふぉー (食ー, fō)

Okinawan

Kanji

食

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Kun: かむん (kamun, 食むん)

Vietnamese

Han character

食: Hán Việt readings: thực (乘(thừa)力(lực)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], tự[3]
食: Nôm readings: thực[2][4][6], xực[1]

chữ Hán form of thực (“food; meal”).

Compounds

食品 (thực phẩm)
飲食 (ẩm thực)
月食 (nguyệt thực)
日食 (nhật thực)

References

Nguyễn (2014).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).
Trần (2004).
Bonet (1899).
Génibrel (1898).
Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

Yaeyama

Kanji

食

Kun: ほーん (食ーん, hōn)

Yonaguni

Kanji

食

Kun: ふん (食ん, fun)

[1] Catherine Churchman (2021), “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, in Sinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas‎, Brill, DOI:10.1163/9789004473263_007

[2] 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 2332 (paper), page 1218 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)

[3] 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1372 (paper), page 699 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

[SMK7-4] 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-5] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ2-eclipse-6] “蝕・食”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

[tdcndg-7] Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-8] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-9] Trần (2004).

[bonet-10] Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-11] Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-12] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

食

Translingual

Alternative forms

Han character

Derived terms

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Usage notes

Synonyms

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Definitions

Usage notes

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Definitions

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Definitions

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Noun

Verb

Inflection

References

Korean

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

Etymology 3

Hanja

References

Kunigami

Kanji

Miyako

Kanji

Okinawan

Kanji

Readings

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

References

Yaeyama

Kanji

Yonaguni