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单词
释义

See also:
U+984D, 額
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-984D

[U+984C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+984E]

Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 181, +9, 18 strokes, cangjie input 十口一月金 (JRMBC), four-corner 31686, composition客頁)

Derived characters

  • 𡅅 𣌔 𥗳

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 1406, character 40
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43586
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1924, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4384, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+984D

Chinese

trad.
simp.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɡraːɡ) : phonetic (OC *kʰraːɡ) + semantic (head).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋa-k (forehead; cockscomb).

This word is only attested during Han and later. Wang (1982) suggested that it is cognate with (OC *ŋraːn, “face”), whereas Schuessler (2007) considers it a semantic extension of (OC *ŋɡraːɡ, “to face”).

The relationship to Proto-Mon-Khmer *[t₁]ʔah (forehead), whence Khmer ថ្ងាស (thngaah), is unclear.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): é (e2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): nge2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ңый (ŋɨy, I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaak6, ngaak6-2
  • Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngiak
  • Min Dong (BUC): ngiăh→ngiĕh / ngiăh
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): hia̍h / gia̍h / ge̍k / gia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiah8
  • Wu (Wiktionary): ngaq (T5)

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: é
      • Zhuyin: ㄜˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: é
      • Wade–Giles: o2
      • Yale: é
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: er
      • Palladius: э (e)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤ³⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: nge2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nge
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɛ²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ңый (ŋɨy, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋei²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: ngaak6, ngaak6-2
      • Yale: ngaahk, ngáak
      • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaak9, ngaak9-2
      • Guangdong Romanization: ngag6, ngag6-2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaːk̚²/, /ŋaːk̚²⁻³⁵/
Note: ngaak6-2 - “top part, board, amount”.
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiak
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngiag`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngiag5
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯ak̚²/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiăh→ngiĕh / ngiăh
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieʔ⁵/, /ŋiaʔ⁵/
Note:
  • ngiăh>ngiĕh - “forehead”;
  • ngiăh - “top part, board, amount”.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hia̍h
      • Tâi-lô: hia̍h
      • Phofsit Daibuun: hiah
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hiaʔ²⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiaʔ⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaʔ¹²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍h
      • Tâi-lô: gia̍h
      • Phofsit Daibuun: giah
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiaʔ⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiaʔ¹²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡiaʔ²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
      • Tâi-lô: gi̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gek
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k
      • Tâi-lô: gia̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: giak
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiak̚²⁴/
Note:
  • hia̍h - vernacular (“forehead, top part, board”);
  • gia̍h - vernacular (“amount”);
  • ge̍k/gia̍k - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hiah8
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hia̍h
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hiaʔ⁴/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: ngaq (T5)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋa̱ʔ¹²/

  • Middle Chinese: /ŋˠæk̚/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (31)
Final () (113)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()II
Fanqie五陌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋˠæk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋᵚak̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋak̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋaɨjk̚/
Li
Rong
/ŋɐk̚/
Wang
Li
/ŋɐk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ŋɐk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
è
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ngak6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ŋˤrak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡraːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
é
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngæk ›
Old
Chinese
/*C.ŋˁrak/ (no pre-Qín exx?)
Englishforehead

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.3906
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋɡraːɡ/
Notes說文作頟

Definitions

  1. (anatomy) forehead
  2. top part
  3. horizontal inscribed board; tablet; plaque
  4. amount; quantity; number
  5. a surname
Synonyms
  • (forehead):
  • (top part): 頂部顶部 (dǐngbù)
  • (horizontal inscribed board):
edit
  • (biǎn)
  • 牌匾 (páibiǎn)
  • 匾額匾额 (biǎn'é)
  • 榜額榜额 (bǎng'é)
  • (amount): 數目数目 (shùmù)

Compounds

Pronunciation

  • Wu (Wiktionary): hheq (T5); eq (T4)

  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: hheq (T5); eq (T4)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɦəʔ¹²/, /əʔ⁵⁵/

Definitions

  1. (Shanghainese Wu) Alternative form of (“possessive particle”).
Usage notes
  • This is a Mandarin influenced form of the character often used in Shanghainese. Due to ’s expected pronunciation starting with /k/, it is often mistakenly analysed to be unrelated to this sense.
  • This cannot be used in other Northern Wu languages, such as Suzhounese, due to their retention of the /k/ initial.

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): è (e4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: è
      • Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: è
      • Wade–Giles: o4
      • Yale: è
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
      • Palladius: э (e)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/

Definitions

  1. Alternative form of (è, “an interjection said when hesitating in speech”).

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. forehead
  2. amount
  3. frame

Readings

  • Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku)
  • Kan-on: がく (gaku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ひたい (hitai, , Jōyō); ぬか (nuka, )

Compounds

  • (びょう)(がく) (byōgaku): cat's forehead, tininess as that of a cat's forehead

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
ひたい
Grade: 5
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
【ひたい】
[noun] forehead
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
がく
Grade: 5
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC ŋˠæk̚).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) [gàkú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
    • (Tokyo) [gàkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

(がく) (gaku) 

  1. framed picture
  2. sum, amount
Derived terms
  • (がく)(めい) (gakumei): (swords) an inscription where a blade is shortened and a rectangular metal piece bearing the original inscription is cut out from the removed portion and embedded in the new tang

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
ぬか
Grade: 5
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
【ぬか】
[noun] forehead
[noun] kowtowing
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC ŋˠæk̚). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄋᆡᆨ (oyk) (Yale: oyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɛk̚] ~ [e̞k̚]
  • Phonetic hangul: [/]

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 이마 액 (ima aek))

  1. Hanja form? of (forehead).
  2. Hanja form? of (amount).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: ngạch, nghệch, nghách, nghạch

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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